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第一幕:
(旁白):在美麗的大森林里,住著一群可愛的小動物,它們快樂的生活著。小熊要在新年這天邀請朋友們做客,一大清早,小熊們就開始忙里忙外了。
(音樂起,房子,樹,小熊上場)
house: happy new year. we are house.
trees: we are trees. happy new year.
tree: i’m tree.
tree: i’m green.
tree: i’m tree.
trees: we’re the forest.
(樹后退至背景處)
bear1: happy new year. my name’s pat. i’m big brother.
bear2: my name’s frank. this is my car. i can drive a car.
bear3: i’m bob. i’m a good boy. i’m a good boy.
bear4: i’m tom. i like riding a bike.
bear5: i’m joe. i like playing football.
bear6:i’m ken. i’m a little boy. i can draw.
(熊爸爸,熊媽媽上場)
dady:i’m their father.
mumy:i’m their mother.
bears: morning, mum. morning, dady.
(bears唱my mother,my father.)
mumy:let’s have a rest, ok? children.
bears: ok! yes! (下場)
mumy dady:today’s new year. we are going to play a host. let’s get ready.
第二幕:小熊的朋友上場。
1. 音樂起,花上場。
flower: i’m red flower.
flower: i’m yellow flower.
flower: i’m purple flower.
flower: i’m blue flower.
flower: i’m pink flower.
flowers: we’re flowers.
dady:hello, flowers. welcome!
flowers: hello, little bears.
dady:how are you?
flowers: fine,thank you. and you?
dady:i’m fine,thanks. come in,please.
flowers: thank you.
(花退至背景)
2.音樂起兔上
rabbit1: i’m rabbit.
rabbit2: i’m little rabbit.
rabbit3: i’m rabbit, too.
rabbits: we’re rabbits.
rabbit: lillte bear要請客,我們?nèi)プ隹汀et’s go.
rabbits: ok!
(敲門)
mumy:who are you?
rabbits: we are rabbits. may i come in?
mumy:come in,please.
how are you?
flowers: fine,thank you. and you?
dady:i’m fine,thanks. come in,please.
rabbits:thank you.
dady:let’s play.
rabbits: ok!
(song: jump, jump, jump.)
3.
monkey1: i’m monkey. i can climb.
monkey2: i’m monkey.
monkey3: i’m monkey, too.
monkey4: i can climb up the tree.
monkeys: we are monkeys.
( )
mumy: who are you?
monkeys: we are monkeys. may i come in?
mumy: come in,please.
dady: glad to meet you.
monkeys: glad to meet you, too. bananas, bananas, yellow bananas.
here you are.
dady:thank you.
mumy dady: let’s sing. let’s dance.
monkeys: ok!
(sing and dance: climb, climb, climb.)
4.
elephant1: i have a long nose.
elephant2: please guess. what am i?
elephant, elephant, big elephant.
elephant3: yes. do you like me?
yes.
i like little elephant.
i like elephant, too.
elephant: today’s new year.
mumy: happy new year.
elephants: happy new year.
dady: come in, please.
elephants: thank you.
5.
tiger, tiger
wow,wow!
tiger1: i’m tiger.
tiger2: i’m tiger, too.today’s new year.
tiger1:
tigers: open the door! open the door!
dady mumy: no, no, go away, go away.
tigers: i have no friends.
6.
panda1: i’m panda.
panda2: i’m panda, too.
panda3: i’m panda, too.
pandas: we’re pandas. today’s new year. happy new year!
mumy: hello,pandas. happy new year!
pandas: happy new year!
mumy: come in, please.
pandas: thank you!
7.
bird1: i’m bird.
bird2: i’m bird. i can sing in the tree.
bird3: i’m bird, too.
birds: we’re birds. today’s new year. happy new year!
dady: hi, birds! how are you?
birds: fine,thank you. and you?
dady:i’m fine,thanks. come in,please.
birds:thank you.
dady:let’s play.
birds: ok!
(song: little bird can sing in the tree.)
8.
fish1: i’m fish.
fish2: i’m fish, too.
fish: we’re fish. today’s new year. happy new year!
fish1:frog,frog! let’s go together, ok?
frog1: ok! frogs,frogs! let’s go! let’s go!
frogs: let’s go! let’s go!
dady,mumy:
frogs: happy new year! happy new year!
dady,mumy: happy new year! come in,please. my good friends.
9.
tigers: i have no friends. little bear! little bear!
dady,mumy: what?
tigers: let’s be friends, ok?
dady,mumy: let’s be friends, ok?
ok!
dady,mumy: tigers, come in, please.
第三幕:(小熊端上水果)
bear: apples,apples, red apples.
apples,apples, red apples.
bear: bananas, bananas, yellow bananas.
bananas, bananas, yellow bananas.
bear:pears, pears, yellow pears.
pears, pears, yellow pears.
bear:grapes, grapes, purple grapes.
grapes, grapes, purple grapes.
眾唱:apples are red. apples are sweet.
i like red and sweet apples.
閱讀是教師、學(xué)生、文本這三個主體之間進(jìn)行互動的過程,是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語言素養(yǎng),發(fā)展學(xué)生語言個性的沃土。在小學(xué)階段的英語教學(xué)中,由于外語教學(xué)對象的特殊性,如何有針對、有區(qū)別、有側(cè)重、有個性地開展英語閱讀教學(xué),是廣大英語教師揮之不去的“心頭病”。筆者結(jié)合自身多年的從教經(jīng)驗(yàn),嘗試以小學(xué)生們喜聞樂見的童話形象、童話故事為載體,為這些充滿想象力與創(chuàng)造力的學(xué)生們提供富有趣味性、實(shí)踐性與拓展性的“閱讀大餐”。
一、童話閱讀趣昧性,貼近學(xué)生提效率
童話閱讀材料具有體裁豐富,形式多樣的特點(diǎn),有很強(qiáng)的趣味性,符合小學(xué)生的心理和年齡特征。由此,在英語閱讀教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中,筆者有意識地將童話元素滲透到教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中,拉近學(xué)生與教學(xué)內(nèi)容之間的距離,消除學(xué)生們對英語閱讀的畏懼心理,使英語閱讀課堂充滿天真爛漫的童趣,充滿童言無忌的討論,從而提高英語閱讀效率。
教學(xué)完譯林版小學(xué)英語四年級上冊Unit 1 I like dogs這單元后,筆者考慮到本單元的教學(xué)內(nèi)容都是圍繞著“I like dogs”展開,因而,在教學(xué)導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié),筆者利用多媒體課件呈現(xiàn)了一則童話故事“Go away,F(xiàn)lobby”,依托圖文并茂的繪本呈現(xiàn)故事情節(jié),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從主人公對小狗Flobby的情感變化(從“Go away!”的厭煩驅(qū)趕到“We are sorry!”的真心道歉),深入理解大家對小狗的喜愛,從而吸引學(xué)生們的注意力,激發(fā)學(xué)生們對小動物的喜愛之情,以趣味橫生的繪本童話順?biāo)浦鄣貙?dǎo)入本課教學(xué),使得教學(xué)過渡更為自然。
二、童話閱讀實(shí)踐性,角色扮演練口語
培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言運(yùn)用能力是義務(wù)教育階段英語教學(xué)的總目標(biāo),文本閱讀作為貫穿英語教學(xué)始終的重要環(huán)節(jié),對于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的口語表達(dá)能力與語言運(yùn)用能力具有十分重要的教學(xué)意義。由此,筆者在教學(xué)過程中,常常通過童話情境再現(xiàn)、童話角色扮演等活動,為學(xué)生們提供語言實(shí)踐的機(jī)會與平臺,從而提高學(xué)生們的語言素養(yǎng)。
在教學(xué)譯林版小學(xué)英語三年級上冊Unit 4 My family這單元時,筆者考慮到“family”這個詞無論是在閱讀教學(xué)還是口語實(shí)踐中都具有十分廣泛的應(yīng)用價值。因此,在本單元的教學(xué)過程中,筆者插入英語童話故事“Bear’s busy family”,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生們通過猜測故事情節(jié)、復(fù)述故事內(nèi)容,提高對于故事內(nèi)容的理解。在此基礎(chǔ)上,筆者“趁熱打鐵”引導(dǎo)學(xué)生開展以童話故事為背景的小組角色扮演活動,在這個活動中,要求學(xué)生選取故事中的情節(jié),進(jìn)行角色扮演,在扮演過程中要求加入相應(yīng)的表情、動作,并注意語音語調(diào),同時,鼓勵學(xué)生進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性的改編,并在活動之后,開展小組間的“童話情境大比拼”活動,對學(xué)生的角色扮演情況進(jìn)行組間評價,選出“最佳小組拍檔”,并將成績納入形成性評價量表中。
三、童話閱讀拓展性,借鑒結(jié)構(gòu)促寫作
文學(xué)家羅曼·羅蘭曾說過,和書籍在一起,永遠(yuǎn)不會嘆氣。這就要求我們要將閱讀內(nèi)化為學(xué)生自覺的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣與生活習(xí)慣,拓展為學(xué)生自覺的學(xué)習(xí)活動。在小學(xué)英語教學(xué)中,筆者嘗試以童話閱讀開始學(xué)生的英語寫作教學(xué),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生借鑒童話中的語言結(jié)構(gòu),嘗試進(jìn)行簡單的寫作,為他們今后更加系統(tǒng)的英語學(xué)習(xí)奠定基礎(chǔ)。
教學(xué)譯林版小學(xué)英語四年級Unit 5 0ur new home這單元后,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)教學(xué)的拓展性,提高學(xué)生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力,筆者設(shè)計(jì)了一個手腦并用的教學(xué)實(shí)踐活動——“畫個小屋,說說話”。在這個教學(xué)實(shí)踐活動中,筆者引導(dǎo)學(xué)生以小組為單位,拿起手中的畫筆,畫出心目中最漂亮的新房子,并根據(jù)所繪作品,結(jié)合本單元所學(xué)知識,寫一個小小的童話故事,讓漂亮的新房子更加熱鬧。在這個小組拓展活動中,學(xué)生的積極性都很高,有學(xué)生出謀劃策設(shè)計(jì)小屋,有學(xué)生拿起畫筆認(rèn)真畫圖,有學(xué)生七嘴八舌地討論故事情節(jié),十分熱鬧,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了口頭表達(dá)與書面表達(dá)的雙訓(xùn)練。
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
Once upon a time there was a king who had a great forest near his castle, full of all kinds of wild animals. One day he
sent out a huntsman to shoot a deer, but the huntsman did not come back again.
"Perhaps he has had an accident," said the king, and the following day he sent out two other huntsmen who were to search
for him, but they did not return either. Then on the third day, he summoned all his huntsmen, and said, "Search through the
whole forest, and do not give up until you have found all three."
But none of these came home again either, nor were any of the hounds from the pack that they had taken with them ever
seen again.
From that time on, no one dared to go into these woods, and they lay there in deep quiet and solitude1, and all that one
saw from there was an occasional eagle or hawk2 flying overhead.
This lasted for many years, when an unknown huntsman presented himself to the king seeking a position, and he volunteered
to go into the dangerous woods.
The king, however, did not want to give his permission, and said, "It is haunted in there. I am afraid that you will do
no better than did the others, and that you will never come out again."
The huntsman answered, "Sir, I will proceed at my own risk. I know nothing of fear."
The huntsman therefore set forth3 with his dog into the woods. It was not long before the dog picked up a scent4 and wanted
to follow it, but the dog had run only a few steps when it came to a deep pool, and could go no further. Then a naked arm
reached out of the water, seized the dog, and pulled it under.
When the huntsman saw that, he went back and got three men. They returned with buckets and baled out the water. When they
could see to the bottom, there was a wild man lying there. His body was brown like rusty5 iron, and his hair hung over his
face down to his knees. They bound him with cords and led him away to the castle.
Everyone was greatly astonished at the wild man. The king had him put into an iron cage in his courtyard, forbidding, on
pain of death, that the cage door be opened. The queen herself was to safeguard the key.
From this time forth everyone could once again go safely into the woods.
The king had a son of eight years. One day he was playing in the courtyard, and during his game his golden ball fell into
the cage.
The boy ran to the cage and said, "Give me my ball."
"Not until you have opened the door for me," answered the man.
"No," said the boy, "I will not do that. The king has forbidden it," and he ran away.
The next day he came again and demanded his ball.
The wild man said, "Open my door," but the boy would not do so.
On the third day the king had ridden out hunting, and the boy went once more and said, "Even if I wanted to, I could not
open the door. I do not have the key."
Then the wild man said, "It is under your mother's pillow. You can get it there."
The boy, who wanted to have his ball back, threw all caution to the wind, and got the key. The door opened with
difficulty, and the boy pinched his finger. When it was open, the wild man stepped out, gave him the golden ball, and hurried
away.
The boy became afraid. He cried out and called after him, "Oh, wild man, do not go away, or I shall get a beating."
The wild man turned around, picked him up, set him on his shoulders, and ran into the woods.
When the king came home he noticed the empty cage and asked the queen how it had happened. She knew nothing about it, and
looked for the key, but it was gone. She called the boy, but no one answered.
The king sent out people to look for him in the field, but they did not find him. Then he could easily guess what had
happened, and great sorrow ruled at the royal court.
After the wild man had once more reached the dark woods, he set the boy down from his shoulders, and said to him, "You
will never again see your father and mother, but I will keep you with me, for you have set me free, and I have compassion6 for
you. If you do what I tell you, it will go well with you. I have enough treasures and gold, more than anyone in the world."
He made a bed of moss7 for the boy, upon which he fell asleep. The next morning the man took him to a spring and said,
"Look, this golden spring is as bright and clear as crystal. You shall sit beside it, and take care that nothing falls into
it, otherwise it will be polluted. I shall come every evening to see if you have obeyed my order."
The boy sat down at the edge of the spring, and saw how sometimes a golden fish and sometimes a golden snake appeared
from within, and took care that nothing fell into it. As he was thus sitting there, his finger hurt him so fiercely that he
involuntarily put it into the water. He quickly pulled it out again, but saw that it was completely covered with gold.
However hard he tried to wipe the gold off again, it was to no avail.#p#
That evening Iron Hans came back, looked at the boy, and said, "What has happened to the spring?"
"Nothing, nothing," he answered, holding his finger behind his back, so the man would not be able to see it.
But the man said, "You have dipped your finger into the water. This time I will let it go, but be careful that you do not
again let anything else fall in."
Very early the next morning the boy was already sitting by the spring and keeping watch. His finger hurt him again, and
he rubbed it across his head. Then unfortunately a hair fell down into the spring. He quickly pulled it out, but it was
already completely covered with gold.
Iron Hans came, and already knew what had happened. "You have let a hair fall into the spring," he said. "I will overlook
this once more, but if it happens a third time then the spring will be polluted, and you will no longer be able to stay with
me."
On the third day the boy sat by the spring and did not move his finger, however much it hurt him. But time passed slowly
for him, and he looked at the reflection of his face in the water. While doing this he bent8 down lower and lower, wanting to
look straight into his eyes, when his long hair fell from his shoulders down into the water. He quickly straightened himself
up, but all the hair on his head was already covered with gold, and glistened9 like the sun. You can imagine how frightened
the poor boy was. He took his handkerchief and tied it around his head, so that the man would not be able to see his hair.
When the man came, he already knew everything, and said, "Untie10 the handkerchief."
The golden hair streamed forth, and no excuse that the boy could offer was of any use.
"You have failed the test, and you can stay here no longer. Go out into the world. There you will learn what poverty is.
But because you are not bad at heart, and because I mean well by you, I will grant you one thing: If you are ever in need, go
into the woods and cry out, 'Iron Hans,' and then I will come and help you. My power is great, greater than you think, and I
have more than enough gold and silver."
Then the prince left the woods, and walked by beaten and unbeaten paths on and on until at last he reached a great city.
There he looked for work, but he was not able to find any, because he had not learned a trade by which he could make a
living. Finally he went to the castle and asked if they would take him in.
The people at court did not at all know how they would be able to use him, but they took a liking11 to him, and told him to
stay. Finally the cook took him into service, saying that he could carry wood and water, and rake up the ashes.
Once when no one else was at hand, the cook ordered him to carry the food to the royal table. Because he did not want
them to see his golden hair, he kept his cap on. Nothing like this had ever before happened to the king, and he said, "When
you approach the royal table you must take your hat off."
"Oh, sir," he answered, "I cannot. I have an ugly scab on my head."
Then the king summoned the cook and scolded him, asking him how he could take such a boy into his service. The cook was
to send him away at once. However, the cook had pity on him, and let him trade places with gardener's boy.
Now the boy had to plant and water the garden, hoe and dig, and put up with the wind and bad weather.
Once in summer when he was working alone in the garden, the day was so hot that he took his hat off so that the air would
cool him. As the sun shone on his hair it glistened and sparkled. The rays fell into the princess's bedroom, and she jumped
up to see what it was.
She saw the boy and called out to him, "Boy, bring me a bouquet12 of flowers."
He quickly put on his cap, picked some wildflowers, and tied them together.
As he was climbing the steps with them, the gardener met him and said, "How can you take the princess a bouquet of
such common flowers? Quick! Go and get some other ones, and choose only the most beautiful and the rarest ones."
"Oh, no," replied the boy, the wild ones have a stronger scent, and she will like them better."
When he got into the room, the princess said, "Take your cap off. It is not polite to keep it on in my presence."
He again responded, "I cannot do that. I have a scabby head."
She, however, took hold of his cap and pulled it off. His golden hair rolled down onto his shoulders, and it was a
magnificent sight. He wanted to run away, but she held him by his arm, and gave him a handful of ducats. He went away with
them, but he did not care about the gold.
He took the gold pieces to the gardener, saying, "I am giving these things to your children for them to play with."
The next day the princess called to him again, asking him to bring her a bouquet of wildflowers. When he went in with it,
she immediately grabbed at his cap, and wanted to take it away from him, but he held it firmly with both hands. She again
gave him a handful of ducats. He did not want to keep them, giving them instead to the gardener for his children to play
with. On the third day it was no different. She was not able to take his cap away from him, and he did not want her gold.
Not long afterwards, the country was overrun by war. The king gathered together his people, not knowing whether or not
fight back against the enemy, who was more powerful and had a large army.
Then the gardener's boy said, "I am grown up, and I want to go to war as well. Just give me a horse."
The others laughed and said, "After we have left, then look for one by yourself. We will leave one behind for you in the
stable."
After they had left, he went into the stable, and led the horse out. It had a lame13 foot, and it limped higgledy-hop,
higgledy-hop.
Nevertheless he mounted it, and rode away into the dark woods. When he came to the edge of the woods, he called "Iron
Hans" three times so loudly that it sounded through the trees.
The wild man appeared immediately, and said, "What do you need?"
"I need a strong steed, for I am going to war."#p#
"That you shall have, and even more than you are asking for."
Then the wild man went back into the woods, and before long a stable-boy came out of the woods leading a horse. It was
snorting with its nostrils14, and could hardly be restrained. Behind them followed a large army of warriors15, outfitted16 with
iron armor, and with their swords flashing in the sun.
The youth left his three-legged horse with the stable-boy, mounted the other horse, and rode at the head of the army.
When he approached the battlefield, a large number of the king's men had already fallen, and before long the others would
have to retreat. Then the youth galloped17 up with his iron army and attacked the enemies like a storm, beating down all who
opposed him. They tried to flee, but the youth was right behind them, and did not stop, until not a single man was left.
However, instead of returning to the king, he led his army on a roundabout way back into the woods, and then called for
Iron Hans.
"What do you need?" asked the wild man.
"Take back your steed and your army, and give me my three-legged horse again."
It all happened just as he had requested, and he rode home on his three-legged horse.
When the king returned to his castle, his daughter went to meet him, and congratulated him for his victory.
"I am not the one who earned the victory," he said, "but a strange knight18 who came to my aid with his army."
The daughter wanted to hear who the strange knight was, but the king did not know, and said, "He pursued the enemy, and I
did not see him again."
She asked the gardener where his boy was, but he laughed and said, "He has just come home on his three-legged horse. The
others have been making fun of him and shouting, 'Here comes our higgledy-hop back again.' They also asked him, 'Under what
hedge have you been lying asleep all this time?' But he said, 'I did better than anyone else. Without me it would have gone
badly.' And then they laughed at him all the more."
The king said to his daughter, "I will proclaim a great festival. It shall last for three days, and you shall throw a
golden apple. Perhaps the unknown knight will come."
When the festival was announced, the youth went out into the woods and called Iron Hans.
"What do you need?" he asked.
"To catch the princess's golden apple."
"It is as good as done," said Iron Hans. "And further, you shall have a suit of red armor and ride on a spirited chestnut19
horse."
When the day came, the youth galloped up, took his place among the knights20, and was recognized by no one. The princess
came forward and threw a golden apple to the knights. He was the only one who caught it, and as soon as he had it, he
galloped away.
On the second day Iron Hans had outfitted him as a white knight, and had given him a white horse. Again he was the only
one who caught the apple. Without lingering an instant, he galloped away with it.
The king grew angry and said, "That is not allowed. He must appear before me and tell me his name."
He gave the order that if the knight who caught the apple, were to go away again, they should pursue him, and if he would
not come back willingly, they were to strike and stab at him.
On the third day, he received from Iron Hans a suit of black armor and a black horse, and he caught the apple again. But
when he was galloping21 away with it, the king's men pursued him, and one of them got so close to him that he wounded the
youth's leg with the point of his sword. In spite of this he escaped from them, but his horse jumped so violently that his
helmet fell from his head, and they could see that he had golden hair. They rode back and reported everything to the king.
The next day the princess asked the gardener about his boy.
"He is at work in the garden. The strange fellow has been at the festival too. He came home only yesterday evening. And
furthermore, he showed my children three golden apples that he had won."
The king had him summoned, and he appeared, again with his cap on his head. But the princess went up to him and took it
off. His golden hair fell down over his shoulders, and he was so handsome that everyone was amazed.
"Are you the knight who came to the festival every day, each time in a different color, and who caught the three golden
apples?" asked the king.
"Yes," he answered, "and here are the apples," taking them out of his pocket, and returning them to the king. "If you
need more proof, you can see the wound that your men gave me when they were chasing me. But I am also the knight who helped
you to your victory over your enemies."
"If you can perform deeds like these then you are not a gardener's boy. Tell me, who is your father?"
"My father is a powerful king, and I have as much gold as I might need."
"I can see," said the king, "that I owe you thanks. Can I do anything for you?"
"Yes," he answered. "You can indeed. Give me your daughter for my wife."
The maiden22 laughed and said, "He does not care much for ceremony, but I already had seen from his golden hair that he was
not a gardener's boy," and then she went and kissed him.
His father and mother came to the wedding, and were filled with joy, for they had given up all hope of ever seeing their
dear son again.
While they sitting at the wedding feast, the music suddenly stopped, the doors opened, and a proud king came in with a
great retinue23. He walked up to the youth, embraced him, and said, "I am Iron Hans. I had been transformed into a wild man by
a magic spell, but you have broken the spell. All the treasures that I possess shall belong to you." #p#
從前有一個國王,他的宮殿附近有一座大森林,森林里有野獸出沒。有一次,他派了一個獵人出去,叫他去打一只鹿,結(jié)果一去就不復(fù)返
了。國王想:“一定是出了甚么事。”第二天他又派了兩個獵人出去,讓他們?nèi)フ宜?,但他們也是一去不回。第三天,國王下令集合全體獵手
,對他們說:“你們?nèi)ニ驯樯?,一定要找到他們?rdquo;然而,這些人也沒有一個回來,就連他們帶去的一群獵狗也杳無蹤影了。打那以后,再
也沒有人敢冒然進(jìn)入森林了,那片林地也從此死寂,只是偶兒還可看到一只老鷹在上面飛過。這樣過了很多年,有個異鄉(xiāng)的獵人,到國王那里
說他,想找到一個位置,并且自告奮勇地要到那座危險的森林里去。但是國王不允許,說:“那里面不安全,我怕你和別人一樣,再不得出來
。”獵人答道:“國王,我要去冒險;我不知道害怕。”
於是獵人帶著他的狗到森林里去了。沒過多久,狗尋著一個野獸的足印,要去追它,但剛跑了幾步,就在一處深深的泥潭邊站住,不能前
進(jìn)了。突然,從泥水中伸出來一條光光的手臂,一把抓住狗,把它拖進(jìn)了水里。獵人見此情景,回去帶來三個漢子,讓他們舀水。水干見底后
,他發(fā)現(xiàn)那兒躺著個野人,渾身像鐵銹一般呈褐色,頭發(fā)長得蓋過了臉,一直拖到了膝頭。他們用繩子綁住了他,把他拖回宮里。全國上下對
這個野人大感驚訝,國王下令把他關(guān)進(jìn)了院子里的一只鐵籠子里,禁止開籠門,違者處以死刑,并且把鑰匙交給了王后親自保管。從此以后,
誰都可以放心大膽地去森林里了。
國王有個八歲的孩子,有一次在院子里游戲時,把他的金球落到了籠子里。男孩跑去,說:“把我的球遞給我。”那人說:“你不先給我
把門打開,我不給。”男孩說:“不,我不干,那是國王的禁令。”於是跑開了。第二天他又來要他的球,那野人說:“打開我的門。”但那
男孩還是不肯。第三天,國王騎馬去打獵,男孩又來了,說:“就是我愿意,我也不能開門,我可沒有鑰匙。”於是野人說:“他就在你母親
的枕頭下,你可以去拿來。”男孩太想要他的球啦,於是就不顧一切地拿出了那把鑰匙。門很沉重,開門時那男孩的指頭給壓住了。當(dāng)門開了
時,野人跑了出來,把金球給了他,便趕緊逃跑了。男孩害怕起來,他在他的后面喊道:“啊呀,野人,你別跑,不然我會挨打的。”野人一
聽轉(zhuǎn)過了身,把他舉起來放在肩上飛快地跑進(jìn)了森林。國王回家,看到了那個空籠子,便問王后是怎么回事?她說不知道,她去找那鑰匙,卻
發(fā)現(xiàn)它不在那兒了。她於是喊那男孩,也沒有人應(yīng)。國王馬上派人出去,叫他們在野外四處尋找,但是他們沒能找到。於是他們很快就猜出發(fā)
生了甚么事,宮中出現(xiàn)了一片悲哀聲。
那野人回到了幽暗的森林里,把孩子從肩上放了下來,對他說:“你再見不著你的爹媽了,可我愿意收養(yǎng)你,因?yàn)槟惴帕宋遥乙部蓱z你
。只要我說甚么你做甚么,你會過得挺好的。我叫鐵漢斯,我可有好多好多的金銀財(cái)寶,世界上沒有誰能和我相比。”野人用苔蘚為男孩鋪了
張床,小傢伙在上面睡著了。第二天早上醒來,野人帶他到一口井邊,對他說:“你瞧,這金井明亮得像水晶一樣,我派你坐在這兒守著,別
讓任何東西掉下去。每天晚上我會來看你是否在執(zhí)行我的命令。”男孩坐在井邊上,看見井里一會兒游出一條金魚,一會兒游出一條金蛇,注
意著沒讓任何東西掉進(jìn)去。他就這么坐著,突然手指頭痛得厲害,便情不自禁地把手伸進(jìn)了水中。當(dāng)他抽回指頭時,發(fā)現(xiàn)它已完全變成金的了
,任他怎么使勁地洗都洗不掉。傍晚,鐵漢斯來了,望著男孩問:“這井出了甚么事了嗎?”“沒有,沒有。”他回答,同時把指頭藏在背后
不叫野人看見。誰知野人說:“你把指頭浸在水里了,不過這次就算了,可你得小心,別再讓任何東西掉進(jìn)去。”第二天一大早,男孩又坐在
井邊看守它。他那手指又痛起來了,忍不住,他放在頭上擦了一下,不幸一根頭發(fā)掉進(jìn)了井里。他趕緊撈出頭發(fā),可是已完全變成了金的了。
野人鐵漢斯回來了,已知道發(fā)生了甚么事。“你掉了根頭發(fā)在井里,”他說,“我愿意再原諒你一次,可要是再發(fā)生這樣的事情,井就被玷污
了,我就不能把你留在這里了。”
第三天,男孩坐在井邊,不管指頭有多痛也不敢動一動。可是他覺得坐得無聊,不禁看了看映在水中的面孔。為了看得更清楚些,他身子
越伏越低,長發(fā)於是從肩上滑下來,掉進(jìn)了井水中。他趕緊坐直身子,但滿頭的頭發(fā)已變成了金子,像太陽般閃閃發(fā)光?,F(xiàn)在可以想像出這可
憐的小傢伙有多害怕。他趕緊掏出手帕來包在頭上,想不讓鐵漢斯瞧見。鐵漢斯回來已知道了一切,對他說:“解下手帕!”於是滿頭的金發(fā)
都露了出來了。鐵漢斯說:“你沒有經(jīng)受住考驗(yàn),不能再留在這里。到世界上去吧,去體會貧窮是甚么滋味兒。不過你心地倒還不壞,我也希
望你好,所以也答應(yīng)你一件事,你要是有甚么難處,可以到森林里來喊:'鐵漢斯!'我就會來幫你。我的勢力很大,大得超出你的想像,金子
我有的是!”
於是小王子離開森林,一直在有路沒路的地方走著,最后來到了一座大城市,想在那里找活干,但總是找不著,而且他原來就沒有學(xué)甚么
可以自謀生計(jì)的本事。最后他到了宮里,問他們是否能留他。宮里的人們不知用他做甚么,但是他們喜歡他,便叫他留下了。最后廚子收了他
做事,說可以讓他挑柴擔(dān)水,把灰掃成一堆。有一次,恰巧有別人在跟前,廚子叫他端飯食到國王的餐桌上,因?yàn)樗幌胱屓丝匆娝慕鸢l(fā),
所以戴著他的小帽子。國王還沒有遇見過這樣的事,他說:“如果你到國王餐桌跟前來,就應(yīng)該脫下你的帽子。”他回答說:“啊呀,國王,
我不能夠,我頭上有毒瘤。”於是國王叫人喊來廚子,罵他,問他怎么可以用這樣的少年給他做事,叫他馬上把他打發(fā)走,但廚子對他很同情
,又叫他去當(dāng)花匠。
現(xiàn)在那少年只得在園子里插苗澆水,鋤草挖溝,忍受風(fēng)吹雨打。夏天里有一回他獨(dú)個在園子里干活,因?yàn)樘鞖饪釤犭y當(dāng),他忍不住揭下帽
子想涼快涼快。這時太陽照著他的金發(fā),反射出明亮耀眼的光芒,光芒射到了公主臥室里面,她跳起來看這是怎么回事,一眼就看見了男孩,
就喚他:“小伙子,給我送一束花來。”他趕忙戴上小帽,採摘了些野花把它們紮成一束。他拿著花正要上樓去時,老花匠碰見了他,喝道:
“你怎么能送這么差的花給公主?快,去換些最漂亮最珍稀的來!”“唉,不用換,”他回答說,“野花更香,公主會更喜歡。”他走進(jìn)公主
的臥室,她說:“摘下你的帽子,戴著帽子來見我可不合禮儀。”小伙子答道:“我不能,我是個癩頭。”可公主卻伸手一下摘下了他的帽子
,看見他滿頭金發(fā)立刻垂到肩上,看上去漂亮極了。他正要溜走,公主卻抓住了他的胳膊,給了他一把金幣。他并不在意這些金幣,而是拿去
給了花匠,說:“我送給你的孩子,他們可以拿去玩。”第二天,公主又叫住他,讓他再給她送一束野花去。他拿著花剛跨進(jìn)了門,公主馬上
來抓他的帽子,想摘掉它;他卻用兩只手死死按住不放。公主又給了他一把金幣,他仍舊不想留著,又送給花匠孩子們玩。第三天情況還是一
樣,公主沒能摘掉他的小帽,他也不想要她的金幣。
不久,這個國家有外族入侵。國王召集他的臣民,問是否能夠抵抗敵人,因?yàn)閿橙说膭萘μ珡?qiáng)大了。那少年說:“我長大了,我要一同打
仗去,請給我一匹馬。”別人都笑他:“如果我們走了,你可以找一匹馬玩,我們給你留一匹在欄里。”當(dāng)他們出發(fā)后,他到欄里牽了那匹馬
出來,發(fā)現(xiàn)那馬有一只腳是瘸的,走起來顛顛簸簸。但是他仍然騎它到黑森林去了。他來到林邊,喊了三聲“鐵漢斯”,聲音很大,穿過了樹
林。那野人馬上來說:“你要甚么?”
“我要一匹壯馬,因?yàn)槲乙ゴ蛘獭?rdquo;
“那你可以得到,而且比你要的還要好些。”於是野人回到樹林里,沒多久便從樹林里走出來一位馬伕,牽著一匹駿馬,它的鼻孔正在喘
氣,人幾乎制伏不??;后面還跟著一大群戰(zhàn)士,全穿著盔甲,他們的劍在太陽中發(fā)光。少年把他那匹三只腿的馬交給馬伕,騎上那匹駿馬,走
在了隊(duì)伍的前面。當(dāng)他走進(jìn)戰(zhàn)場的時候,國王的大部分士兵都戰(zhàn)死了,剩下的差不多都在退卻了。少年帶著他的馬群趕來,像狂風(fēng)暴雨般攻打
敵人,把敢抵抗的全給殺了。他們要逃,但少年緊緊咬住不放,最后殺得一個不留。但是他沒有回到國王那里,卻引著他的隊(duì)伍繞到森林前,
又去喊鐵漢斯的名字。野人出來了,問他,“你要甚么?”“把你的馬和你的兵收回去,把我的三條腿的馬還給我。”他所要求的一切,都照
辦了,於是他騎著三只腿的馬回家了。當(dāng)國王回到他的宮里時,他的女兒迎著他走上前去祝福他打了勝仗。他說:“那打勝仗的不是我,卻是
一個不相識的騎士,他帶著他的隊(duì)伍來幫我。”女孩要知道那不相識的騎士是誰,但是國王說不知道:“他去追敵人,我就沒再見他。”國王
向他的女兒說:“我要下令向全國宣告,一連舉行三天盛大慶祝會,安排會上拋金蘋果。那陌生騎士沒準(zhǔn)兒會來的。”舉行慶祝會的公告發(fā)出
后,小伙子又去叫鐵漢斯。“你想要甚么?”野人問。他說:“我希望接住那個金蘋果。”
“沒問題,你肯定會接著。”鐵漢斯說:“我還要給你一套紅色的鎧甲,讓你騎在一匹威武的棗紅馬上。”到了那天,一個身披紅鎧甲的
小伙子縱馬奔進(jìn)了騎士中間,沒被任何人認(rèn)出來。公主走到高臺邊上,向騎士們拋下了一個金蘋果,可接著它的不是別人,正是這小伙子,然
而他一得到蘋果就立刻跑開了。第二天,鐵漢斯給他換了身白鎧甲,讓他騎上一匹白色的駿馬,又是他接著了金蘋果,而且他又拿著金蘋果不
停片刻就跑。國王因此很生氣,說:“真是豈有此理!他無論如何該來見見我,說出他的名字。”他下了命令:如果那騎士又來接了蘋果就跑
,士兵們要緊緊追趕他;如果他不好好回來,就格殺勿論。第三天,小伙子從鐵漢斯處得到了一套黑鎧甲和一匹黑馬,又接到了金蘋果。可是
若是在一個國家的教育教學(xué)中,喪失了對本土傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承,那么將會使這個國家喪失自己的根本,在整體的文明和思想上找不到自己的方向,不僅會使國家建設(shè)出現(xiàn)混亂,全體國民也會出現(xiàn)民族感的迷失,所以在高職英語教育中加入傳統(tǒng)的中國優(yōu)秀文化,是中華民族實(shí)現(xiàn)全面?zhèn)ゴ髲?fù)興的需求。在實(shí)行了一系列的改革措施之后,我國與世界的關(guān)系越來越緊密,國家形象與文化傳播在現(xiàn)實(shí)中有了越來越重要的意義。將英語教育扎根于傳統(tǒng)的中國優(yōu)秀文化土壤中,使英語教育結(jié)出具有中國特色的果實(shí),是當(dāng)今時代的中國發(fā)揮國際影響力的必要措施。將英語從西方國家的背景中剝離出來,實(shí)行拿來主義,在其中注入傳統(tǒng)中國的文化精髓,將其作為具有中國內(nèi)涵的文化符號傳播出去,這不僅會增進(jìn)世界對中國的了解,同時也會改變國人固步自封的陋習(xí),使國人在國際社會中的形象得到改觀。另外在高職英語教育中加入傳統(tǒng)中國的文化,其實(shí)也是對我國文化自我傳承的一種方式。我國傳統(tǒng)文化博大精深,不僅蘊(yùn)含著古老的文明,還擁有著放之四海皆準(zhǔn)的豐富而深邃的智慧。將我國古老的文明傳承下去,是當(dāng)下這一代人的責(zé)任,而大學(xué)生是祖國建設(shè)未來的接班人,所以通過各種方式和手段強(qiáng)化年輕人對我國古老文明的認(rèn)知程度,具有著非比尋常的意義。
二、在高職英語教育中注入傳統(tǒng)中國文化的措施
1.將教材的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性的改革
不僅要將原有的方式和套路全部拋棄掉,還應(yīng)該從核心思想到內(nèi)容進(jìn)行全方位的革新,將傳統(tǒng)中國文化中經(jīng)史子集的經(jīng)典之作加入到高職英語教材的編制上,以我國古老文明為教材編寫的背景,進(jìn)行靈活多變的內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)和編寫,使其成為披著英語外衣的中國傳統(tǒng)文化教材。
2.從課堂形式上進(jìn)行改革
[關(guān)鍵詞]性別歧視;稱謂;詞匯;
從跨文化交際學(xué)的角度上來說,每一個民族都有他自己的生活習(xí)慣、思維方式、語言心理、行為規(guī)范、價值觀念和文化傳統(tǒng)。英漢文化的內(nèi)涵極為豐富,在它們之間的語義和文化的完全對等是極為少見的,但是在男女關(guān)系之間表現(xiàn)出來的對女性的歧視和男女地位的不平等卻存在著許多異曲同工之處。
一、英漢稱謂語反映的性別歧視
人類社會中體現(xiàn)特定的人在特定的人際關(guān)系中的特定身份角色的稱呼即為稱謂。這種稱呼反映著一定的社會文化或特定語言環(huán)境中人與人之間的關(guān)系。人和人組成了社會關(guān)系的網(wǎng)絡(luò),每個人都在這張社會關(guān)系的網(wǎng)絡(luò)總占有一定的位置,和周圍的人形成一種相互關(guān)系,一個普通的稱謂語在具體的交際活動中會產(chǎn)生豐富的社會內(nèi)涵,并隨著時間和場所的不同而變換著內(nèi)容。
1、姓名里的性別歧視
姓名或姓氏是一種符號,它是人們借以相互區(qū)別的標(biāo)志,它包括姓和名兩部分。作為人類文明特有的事物,它與人的行為、社會心理、文化傳統(tǒng)密切相關(guān)。姓名在中英文中雖然排列順序不同(中文先姓后名,英文先名后姓),但人們在擇姓取名時自覺或不自覺地把自己的主觀愿望、社會態(tài)度輸入其中,強(qiáng)調(diào)反映性別原型,即父母和社會根據(jù)不同的性別而寄寓不同的期望值。
在英語國家,孩子一般隨父姓,女子取名通常體現(xiàn)美麗、賢淑、高潔、可愛、美德等寓意,如Faith(忠誠)、Charity(博愛)、Lily(莉莉,原意為百合花)、Susan(蘇珊,源于希伯來語,表示優(yōu)雅、親切之意)、Diana(黛安娜,源于希臘語,表示優(yōu)雅、美麗、高貴);而男子取名則體現(xiàn)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)、勇敢、追求自由和理想、具有遠(yuǎn)大抱負(fù)等寓意,如Richard(理查德,源于撒克遜語,表示堅(jiān)強(qiáng)有力的)、Andrew(安德魯,源于希臘語,表示勇敢率直的)、Lewis(路易斯,源于法語,表示人民的保護(hù)神)。
在漢語中,漢字“姓”由“女”和“生”組成,產(chǎn)生于中國上古時代的母系社會,在那個時代,人們以母親的姓為姓。但在后來的漫長的父權(quán)社會,婦女地位低下,依附于男性,受男性支配,姓都是從父親那里傳承來的,擁有命名權(quán)的同樣是男性長者,即祖父或父親。在古代,許多婦女不僅被剝奪了命名權(quán),還被剝奪了擁有名字的權(quán)利,她們有姓無名,即使有名,也很少被人稱呼,女性婚前常被稱為“丫頭”、“妞”。在現(xiàn)代漢語中,上述情形雖然有所改善,但期間的性別歧視仍然可見一斑,女性的名字強(qiáng)調(diào)陰柔之美,名字中常常含有“花”、“雅”、“秀”、“美”等,而男性的名字強(qiáng)調(diào)陽剛之氣,名字中常?!皬?qiáng)”、“偉”“壯”“剛”等等。
2、婚俗稱謂里的性別歧視
人類從母系社會發(fā)展到父系社會,男女角色進(jìn)行了再分配,“男主外,女主內(nèi)”,婦女的主導(dǎo)地位也隨之失去。
在以男性為中心的英語社會的婚俗中,結(jié)了婚的man,照樣在外打天下,掙面包,呼風(fēng)喚雨,而變成wife的女人,其天地則縮小到家庭,只能呆在這個狹小的空間里伺候丈夫、照顧孩子、當(dāng)丈夫的陪襯和點(diǎn)綴。男子在家中被看作是身強(qiáng)力壯、主宰諸事、贍養(yǎng)妻小的一家之主,而女性則是依附者,婦女的存在僅僅是對男子的點(diǎn)綴和裝飾。男士婚前稱Mr.,婚后還是Mr.;而結(jié)了婚的女士就變成了wife,就會失去自己的姓名而變成“某某夫人”,就會從Miss變成Mrs.,如MaryRobert嫁給JohnSmith之后,當(dāng)人們提及這對夫婦時,通常稱之為Mr.andMrs.Smith,MaryRobert不僅失去了自己的姓(即父姓),而且連自己的名字也沒有了。即使JohnSmith已經(jīng)過世,她仍然是他的遺孀,如:John''''swidow。在古代中國,由于婦女處于從屬地位,女人常采用表示地位低下的稱謂來自稱,如“奴”、“奴家”、“妾”、“賤妾”等,而稱呼丈夫則要采用表示尊敬的稱謂,如“夫君”、“郎君”、“官人”等,而男性稱自己的妻子為“賤室”、“荊婦”、“內(nèi)人”、“房下”等。在農(nóng)村還有稱“堂客”、“孩子他媽”、“他/她娘”的。當(dāng)著外人提及自己的妻子時,用“屋里的”或“我那口子”或用自己的孩子的名稱來稱呼。過去,中國婦女出嫁以后通常以“氏”稱之,即在“氏”前加上娘家的姓,如“王氏”,正式場合則在前面再加上父家的姓,如“張王氏”、“田王氏”,平時稱呼時則把丈夫的姓冠之于前,像“蔣夫人”、“張大媽”,口頭上叫某人的妻子時,則更有稱“張家的”、“田家的”等等,而對婦女本人的姓則避而不提。目前,這種以丈夫的姓冠之于前的稱呼在農(nóng)村仍然很流行。而當(dāng)代中國女子已不需再改稱夫姓。男性在正式場合一般稱呼自己的妻子為“愛人”“夫人”,但是,在一些非正式場合中,“孩子他媽”、“屋里頭”這些稱呼使用的仍然很廣泛。
二、英漢詞匯反映的性別歧視
詞匯宛如化石,體現(xiàn)著首創(chuàng)和使用它們的社會中的人們的思想和認(rèn)識,反映著社會萬象。
1、詞匯的統(tǒng)稱現(xiàn)象
英語詞匯中最明顯地反映性別歧視的例子就是“man”一詞,既有“男子”的意思,又表示“人類”,泛指所有的人;而“woman”僅是女子的意思。例如:Growingoldissomethingamanastoaccept.逐漸衰老是任何人都得承認(rèn)的事實(shí)。Manismortal.人終有一死。
此外,在英語中存在大量的詞,不管做工作的人是男是女,一律用“—man”來表示。例如:congressman(國會議員),spokesman(發(fā)言人),chairman(主席),draftsman(起草人),salesman(推銷員),stockman(倉庫管理員),postman(郵遞員),policeman(警察),themaninthestreet(普通人,一般人)。
英語中有許多中性詞語表示人們所從事的職業(yè),對男女都適應(yīng),如doctor(醫(yī)生)、lawyer(律師)、professor(教授)、surgeon(外科醫(yī)生)等,但如果要表示女性的職業(yè)則一定要在前面加上“woman”,如womandoctor(女醫(yī)生)、womanlawyer(女律師)、womanprofessor(女教授)、womansurgeon(女外科醫(yī)生)等。
在漢語中,表示男性的代詞或名詞往往包含女性,而表示女性的代詞或名詞只能專指女性,如“一個人要是離開了集體,他將一事無成?!?,其中的“他”指的是所有的人,而并非只指男性。再如“子孫”、“子女”實(shí)際上也包含了女性,“干部子弟”、“職工子弟”同樣包含干部和職工的女兒。又如:當(dāng)表示與“我們”、“你們”相對應(yīng)的一群人時,通常用“他們”而不是用“她們”,“他們是一群朝氣蓬勃的青少年”中的“他們”盡管可能有男有女。但漢語中卻用原來表示男性的“他們”來泛指整個人群,如果用“她們”來代替句中的“他們”,則表示這一群青少年全都是女性,這就與句中的意思相去甚遠(yuǎn),達(dá)不到預(yù)期的表達(dá)效果。
2、詞義的褒男貶女
在英語里,意思完全相同的詞,用在男性方面帶有褒義或略帶貶義,而用來描寫女性就具有很強(qiáng)烈的貶義內(nèi)涵。這種因社會文化偏見而導(dǎo)致的褒男貶女的現(xiàn)象如同一種隱形的社會文化契約,反映了人們頭腦中根深蒂固的性別偏見意識。如:
Tommyiseasy.湯米平易近人。
Janeiseasy.珍妮。
Jackiscold.杰克沉著冷靜。
Marryiscold.瑪麗性情冷僻。
人們還常常通過對女性名詞的惡化來達(dá)到性別歧視的目的,如:queen和king這一對詞,queen的本義是女王,有時卻被貶化為“雌貓”、“男同性戀者”,而king則指國王,無冕之王的意思;madam一詞,本來是用來稱呼女警察的,可它又常常被用來指妓院里的“老鴇”;callboy常指戲院里招呼演員上場人,而callgirl則指女郎。另外,女人在英語里經(jīng)常用一些動物的名稱來指稱,如:vixen(雌狐)——悍婦,bitch(母狗)——潑婦,cat(貓)——討厭的女人、包藏禍心的女人,cow(母牛)——既懶又蠢的女人,hen(母雞)——尤指愛管閑事或愛講閑話的女人。
在漢語里也有上述類似現(xiàn)象。相當(dāng)一部分的詞匯只要與女性發(fā)生聯(lián)系就會產(chǎn)生消極、貶損的涵義,而與之相對應(yīng)的男性詞匯則含褒義或成為中性詞。例如,稱未婚大齡女青年為“老姑娘”、“老處女”,暗含脾氣孤僻、難以相處、沒人敢娶之為妻的意思;而稱未婚大齡男青年為“單身漢”,沒有任何半點(diǎn)貶義。
3、詞序的男先女后
性別歧視不僅表現(xiàn)在男尊女卑、男主女從,還表現(xiàn)在男先女后的排列順序上。英語里雖然沒有規(guī)定“男先女后”的語言順序,但是人們在長期的言語習(xí)慣中,通常采用男為先,女為后的語序(ladiesandgentlemen除外),如husbandandwife(夫妻)、Mr.andMrs.(先生及女士)、sonanddaughter(兒女)、brotherandsister(兄妹)、boyandgirl(男孩、女孩)、JackandJill(少年、姑娘)等等。
漢語中也有同樣的情況。當(dāng)男女并列出現(xiàn)時,男性總是排在女性的前面,如:男女、夫婦、公婆、少男少女、夫唱婦隨、爺爺奶奶、叔叔阿姨、生兒育女、男歡女愛、男耕女織等等,這種排列順序反映了社會的價值觀。按漢語的排列規(guī)律,價值高的、重要的排列在先,如大小、多少、貴賤、高低等。這種男先女后的排列順序也體現(xiàn)了男尊女卑思想。
三、反映的性別歧視
英語族人虔信宗教,基督教為其主要宗教。在《圣經(jīng)》中有過這樣的記載:上帝先造了亞當(dāng),又從亞當(dāng)?shù)纳砩铣榱艘桓吖?rib)造了夏娃,于是就有了用Adam''''srib指代woman的用法。夏娃造出來后,亞當(dāng)就說:“這是我骨頭中的一塊新骨,我皮肉上剝離的新肉,因?yàn)樗∽杂谌?man)。所以,她將被稱作女人(woman)”??梢姀囊婚_始,上帝就把男人放在了統(tǒng)治地位,女人則只能附屬于“他”而存在。它視人類的母親夏娃為誘使亞當(dāng)墮落的禍水,視耶穌的母親瑪利亞為圣母。由此可見,它雖宣稱上帝面前人人平等,實(shí)際上卻又認(rèn)為婦女比男人低一等。雖然早期基督教所宣揚(yáng)的博愛平等思想使它贏得了眾多的追隨者,但基督教在男女關(guān)系問題上又是一個充滿矛盾的宗教。如在教堂舉行的婚禮上,牧師會這樣宣布:Inowpronounceyoumanandwife.(not“husbandandwife”)。英語國家的宗教語言中顯示的男尊女卑的思想是顯而易見的。新晨
無論是我國的宗法性傳統(tǒng)宗教道教,還是“西土”傳來的佛教,都有明顯歧視婦女的性別觀,都視婦女為“不祥、不潔”之物從而排斥、貶低她們。如我國宗法性傳統(tǒng)宗教中的祭祖儀式,都是由男性族長或家長主持,無論是享祭者還是在祭者都嚴(yán)格按照父系血統(tǒng)的輩份排列,女性后人不能進(jìn)入本家族的祖宗系列。喪夫的婦女、再嫁的婦女、產(chǎn)婦、孕婦和行經(jīng)期間的婦女等都無權(quán)參加祭祖。我國民間土生土長的道教,雖然其中的“太平道”也曾主張社會的“極大公平”,但這個公平是不包括婦女在內(nèi)的。《太平經(jīng)》說:“天法,陽教一,陰教二;故陽者奇,陰者偶;……陽者尊,陰者卑。故二陰當(dāng)共事一陽,二女當(dāng)共事一男也”。其中“男尊女卑”的思想一目了然,而且還為“一夫多妻”提供了“理論”根據(jù)。在國人心里占有重要地位的佛教更是將婦女貶到了社會的最低層。它視女性為“污垢、罪惡”的結(jié)晶,《阿含經(jīng)》論述婦女有“九惡”:(女子)污穢不凈;口惡;反復(fù)無常;好嫉妒;慳吝;喜游樂;多嗔恚;多妄語;舉動輕佻。《大菩薩藏經(jīng)》中還說:“婦女是眾苦之本,是障害之本,是殺害之本,是系縛之本,是憂愁之本,是怨寇之本,是生育之本。應(yīng)當(dāng)知道,婦女是消滅圣慧之眼的?!薄吨T經(jīng)要集》說的更狠毒:“在家的俗女多恚毒,近之則失國破家,觸之則如遇蛇,其言如蜜,內(nèi)心如鴆?!笨傊?,婦女在佛教里比魔鬼還要壞上三分,他們把一切罪過都記到了婦女的頭上。
社會在發(fā)展,時代在進(jìn)步。文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動和資產(chǎn)階級革命解放了人們的思想,婦女的地位相應(yīng)得到提高,尤其是始于19世紀(jì)的女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動,為爭取婦女的平等地位做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn),大大提高了歐美婦女的社會地位。在中國,當(dāng)代的女性由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的獨(dú)立,受教育程度越來越高,在消除性別歧視方面較以前有了很大的改善。如現(xiàn)在人們把害怕妻子的男人戲稱為“氣管炎”(“妻管嚴(yán)”的諧音),在朋友聚會的場合戲稱自己的妻子為領(lǐng)導(dǎo),這些都讓我們看到了社會的進(jìn)步,人們在逐步地改變思維方式、調(diào)整心理定勢。女性越來越多地加入了競爭激烈的社會與男人共同分享社會工作,平等參政,同工同酬。但要讓全社會從內(nèi)心深處消除性別歧視,可謂任重道遠(yuǎn)。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]王慶淑.中國傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗中的性別歧視[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,1995.
[2]穆鳳良,李秀萍.英語中的性別歧視與中性化[J].外語與外語教學(xué),1998,(5).
及至何紫庭作序于“咸豐乙卯蒲節(jié)后二日”(咸豐五年農(nóng)歷五月初七日,1855年6月20日)的《華英通語》中,已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了大量的洋酒名詞?!度A英通語》是一部用粵語標(biāo)注讀音的漢英詞典,編撰者為子卿,生平不詳,何紫庭只在序中交代“吾友子卿,從學(xué)于英人書塾者,歷有年所”;何紫庭何許人也亦有待考證。但把“Look”譯作“睇”、把“What”譯作“乜”、把“So”譯作“”、把“His”譯作“”等粵語特征,及詞典中的“省城”一詞對應(yīng)的是廣州的英文名“Canton”(粵語注音“奸頓”),想必子卿應(yīng)該是廣東人,沒準(zhǔn)就在十三行一帶活動。這部詞典后被日本近代思想家福澤諭吉增補(bǔ)日語翻譯和注音,于“萬延庚申”(1860年)在日本出版《增訂華英通語》,成為日本人的英語啟蒙詞典。
根據(jù)日本京都外國語大學(xué)圖書館收藏的《增訂華英通語》快堂藏板刻本,這部詞典按事物分為時節(jié)類、數(shù)目類、綢緞類、茶葉類、通商類、食物類、酒名類、器用類、百工類、各埠類、船只類等37個門類,另有按字?jǐn)?shù)分類的單字類至七字類,以及長句類和單式類(表格類),這或許是中國最早一部商務(wù)英語詞典。其中酒名類涉及到20多種洋酒,包括“罷蘭地/Brandy”(白蘭地)、“三邊/Champagne”(香檳)、“啤酒/Beer”(啤酒的中文名或許是源于這部詞典)、“酒/Port”(香港至今沿用,內(nèi)地今譯波特酒)、“白酒/White Wine”(白葡萄酒)、“紅酒/Red Wine or Claret”(Claret特指波爾多紅酒)、“殼酒/Hock”(霍克酒,泛指德國萊茵河地區(qū)白葡萄酒)、“呂宋白酒/Madeira”(今譯馬德拉酒。此酒是產(chǎn)自西班牙馬德拉島的一種加烈葡萄酒,只因在各埠類中,西班牙的英文名“Spain”被譯作“大呂宋”)、“啞叻酒/Arrack”(產(chǎn)自南洋的一種蒸餾酒)、“啉酒/Rum”(朗姆酒)……至于粵語注音,有些酒名直接用粵語去讀即可,比如“啉”,用粵語去讀,比普通話的“朗姆”更接近“Rum”的原汁原味。喝了這么多年啤酒,我這才明白,原來“啤”也應(yīng)該用粵語去說才接近“Beer”。不過奇怪的是,當(dāng)時和英國人交往那么頻繁,詞典里居然沒有威士忌。
在器用類中,還有“紅酒杯/Claret Glass”,注音“加拉咧呀拉時”;“玻璃酒樽/Glass Decanter”(潷酒器),注音“呀拉時尼奸達(dá)”;“酒鉆/Corkscrew”(拔塞鉆),注音“各時故勞”。那么,在當(dāng)時的廣州,這類器用常用嗎?價格如何呢?卻說在最后的單式類中,附有幾份格式化的模擬商業(yè)文件,其中,我們從1855年10月16日的一份“曾經(jīng)收訖”貨單可以得知:十九個玻璃酒樽的價格為銀一員五十三仙,十二枝洋枝燭的價格為銀一員。另外,從1855年8月17日的一份“祈為交還”貨單還可以得知:兩桶面粉銀二員五十仙,三包米銀六員,一埕油銀一員廿五仙,一箱茶銀廿四員五十仙……
【關(guān)鍵詞】 棱角對流式 銜接技術(shù) 通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)
現(xiàn)如今我國處于工業(yè)發(fā)展中階段,對礦產(chǎn)資源需求量進(jìn)入一個高峰期,礦產(chǎn)資源的供需矛盾更加凸顯,礦產(chǎn)資源已面臨耗盡的局面,采場外部建設(shè)良好,賦予設(shè)備簡單的采礦機(jī)床基本已安裝完成,但以后采場面臨海拔低、熔巖溫度高,排水難度大等難題,通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)、扇區(qū)安裝程序?qū)永щy和復(fù)雜。所以,在優(yōu)化通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)時,應(yīng)遵循安全可靠,建筑安裝費(fèi)、通風(fēng)器材費(fèi)最低和便于操作運(yùn)輸?shù)脑瓌t,增加通風(fēng)量。做到設(shè)備布局規(guī)劃簡單,技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)統(tǒng)一管理的局面。
1 某礦井區(qū)通風(fēng)環(huán)境概述
某礦井區(qū)通風(fēng)為軸承插拔樣式,通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)分為扇區(qū)式通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)和集壓限流式通風(fēng)系統(tǒng),礦井的回風(fēng)量為43000m3/h,有效瓦斯排出量為28349m3/h(其中抽出量2202m3/h,回流量26147m3/h)。目前采礦區(qū)有四個排氣口:主排氣口、副排氣口、斜式排氣口,立式排氣口。五個回風(fēng)縱井。其中某回風(fēng)縱井實(shí)現(xiàn)全面分區(qū)通風(fēng),礦井工作環(huán)境采用懸浮離地一次性采用垂直自然高度劃落式機(jī)械化采礦方法,采用X環(huán)繞四周型的通風(fēng)方式;挖掘工作面采用多平行面連采、連挖工藝,平行面采用橫向間距20m,縱向間距17m貫通一體全封閉壓縮模式結(jié)構(gòu)。
2 該礦山通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)狀及問題分析
該礦山通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)采用棱角對流式通風(fēng),擴(kuò)大了原有的覆蓋面積,扇區(qū)部分位于排風(fēng)口下側(cè)220米左右,加大風(fēng)速排流量,但在開采過程中,施工難度的加大,開采作業(yè)也發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化,對礦井開采深度有了進(jìn)一步的延伸,致使礦井需要的風(fēng)量與阻力發(fā)生較大的轉(zhuǎn)變,從現(xiàn)狀分析以及測定的結(jié)果來看主要由以下幾個問題存在。
(1)接地排選用的位置不合理。應(yīng)采用掛壁式接地排,與匯接線對齊用扣式紐帶捆絞,安放在距扇區(qū)位置東偏南45°角大約60米的位置,此礦井的安裝位置阻礙風(fēng)的對流速度,達(dá)不到主井位置區(qū)的范圍,造成設(shè)備散熱系統(tǒng)損耗、負(fù)載平衡加大以及灰塵等雜質(zhì)不易排出排風(fēng)管道。
(2)礦井散風(fēng)量大。從評測結(jié)果分析來看,該礦井的低端底層有效通風(fēng)率為21.32%,拐彎點(diǎn)處的散風(fēng)現(xiàn)象十分嚴(yán)重,根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)夭块T的調(diào)查結(jié)果來看,最主要因素:①井下散熱系統(tǒng)的散熱能力達(dá)不到符合實(shí)際生產(chǎn)需要,導(dǎo)致風(fēng)流量減緩。②當(dāng)前礦井區(qū)地下260米中段,主要處于礦石的運(yùn)輸位置路線,其他中段位置作業(yè)時,產(chǎn)出的砂石及廢料都通過副井放置到主井排風(fēng)區(qū)范圍內(nèi),最后通過風(fēng)流量加大對設(shè)備動力系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)排除井口表面,所以要每隔一定距離設(shè)置預(yù)留多個溜井,以便砂石雜質(zhì)直接從溜井口位置排除,減少礦井散風(fēng)量。③礦井作業(yè)同時進(jìn)行,造成作業(yè)面集中力度小,且大部分老化的管道不能立即封閉,以至于風(fēng)流量大幅度減少。④現(xiàn)在大部分礦山采用的是HR直接爆破采礦法,所以礦井路段中除了主干道外,大部分支路基本未設(shè)置風(fēng)流量調(diào)控措施,導(dǎo)致相當(dāng)部分管路內(nèi)的風(fēng)直接從其它排風(fēng)管道內(nèi)被排走,造成不必要浪費(fèi)。
(3)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)備硬件不夠齊全、控制能力達(dá)不到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和維護(hù)周期間隔過長,以致風(fēng)流量發(fā)生紊亂、管路漏風(fēng)程度大,風(fēng)速斷流現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,所以,風(fēng)速在路過主副井的位置時大部分流向上井管口,其中在傾斜管路容易發(fā)生回風(fēng)現(xiàn)象,在-280m主井井口流入的風(fēng)流量沿斜角坡道和副井井口直行路段通風(fēng)匯聚十分困難,風(fēng)流雜亂。其中風(fēng)流量發(fā)生短路,相互配合不合理的原因主要表現(xiàn)在礦井路段多,并且同時進(jìn)行開采、挖運(yùn)、回填,在深度段內(nèi)供應(yīng)風(fēng)流量達(dá)不到要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不能滿足生產(chǎn)設(shè)備動力需要,在中上部管道段內(nèi)風(fēng)流量短路嚴(yán)重,實(shí)際所需風(fēng)量減少,無法滿足設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)劃中的需求。
(4)實(shí)際風(fēng)量效率低,管路中段風(fēng)流量漏風(fēng)明顯,開采場地通風(fēng)設(shè)施差,實(shí)際獲得礦井有效的風(fēng)量效率為31.83%,造成有效風(fēng)效率低的主要原因是各個路由段內(nèi)存在少許的溜井口和排氣管道口,未設(shè)置一些必要的通風(fēng)建筑標(biāo)石,以及未做到對管井口維護(hù)管理的職責(zé),與此同時,施工地點(diǎn)的扇區(qū)與配套設(shè)施的調(diào)節(jié)不到位也是對開采場地供應(yīng)風(fēng)量的不足、開采場地與外界通風(fēng)條件不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及實(shí)際有效通風(fēng)率低的主要因素。
(5)風(fēng)速達(dá)標(biāo)率低,實(shí)際測量的僅為22.31%,和80%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求相差甚遠(yuǎn),其最主要因素已開采完的中段和未開采的場地沒有及時的包封,大部分風(fēng)流量從已經(jīng)結(jié)束的中段上部進(jìn)入到溜井口和回風(fēng)口道內(nèi),降低了工作面的風(fēng)流速度,井下挖掘工作采用的是高氣壓渦旋式通風(fēng),需要的供風(fēng)量為2.12-3.68m3/s,風(fēng)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不足。
(6)局部地帶污風(fēng)再生。每個管井口3-4米處留有溜井口與上下通道貫通的部位,中段位置污風(fēng)情況嚴(yán)重,在施工時中段管道面的污風(fēng)直接排到進(jìn)風(fēng)口中,致使進(jìn)風(fēng)口的空氣受到污染,施工作業(yè)難度的加大,中段多路施工作業(yè)同時進(jìn)行,而主要在實(shí)平路面,溜井距施工地點(diǎn)較遠(yuǎn),少部分地區(qū)面坍塌,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)這種情況時,應(yīng)采用安裝地表扇區(qū)做抽風(fēng)檢測試驗(yàn),靠主扇區(qū)自行形成的壓縮拱橋貫穿通風(fēng),風(fēng)流所經(jīng)過的路程長,中途貫穿的風(fēng)流量大,致使污風(fēng)縱連現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,降低風(fēng)流量系統(tǒng)循環(huán)效率。
(7)回風(fēng)中段阻風(fēng)率大。由于-150m總回風(fēng)中段積水深達(dá)0.2m,回風(fēng)中段截面積減小,增大阻風(fēng)效率,與此同時,在測量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)果中發(fā)現(xiàn)在-250m中段3#回風(fēng)井與總貫通通路之間以及總回風(fēng)路段存有裂痕現(xiàn)象,回風(fēng)中段堵塞嚴(yán)重,部分要道受風(fēng)面積不到原有面積的五分之二,導(dǎo)致回風(fēng)中段阻力加大,風(fēng)流無法匯至指定地點(diǎn)。
3 該礦通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)仿真及優(yōu)化研究
3.1 礦井通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的按需調(diào)整
不管是現(xiàn)在新建的礦井還是原來已有的礦井通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的改良,每次都是按照風(fēng)力的風(fēng)量由外向里吹,同時對風(fēng)量進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。在逐步形成寺河礦井通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的情況下,進(jìn)行礦井通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)仿真。最終經(jīng)過反復(fù)不斷地大量試驗(yàn),使風(fēng)流量與礦井地區(qū)的最大風(fēng)阻力保持平衡,依次進(jìn)行按需調(diào)節(jié)分配,在進(jìn)行合理化的調(diào)節(jié)時首先要基于功率消耗量最小原則,按照各個節(jié)點(diǎn)間的驅(qū)動原理對風(fēng)量進(jìn)行分配,利用寺河礦井通風(fēng)仿真系統(tǒng)操作平臺對寺河礦區(qū)的所有礦井進(jìn)行全方位的模擬試驗(yàn),經(jīng)過在最后的反復(fù)調(diào)試下,終于形成了比較完善的寺河礦井通風(fēng)仿真系統(tǒng)。
3.2 礦井通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)風(fēng)流量的分配方案
寺河礦井仿真通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)是一個用來模擬通風(fēng)通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成的多元器件,集成了思科、華為、大唐、中興等多家通信企業(yè)仿真系統(tǒng),在華為仿真系統(tǒng)組成中,數(shù)字中繼器是二層交換機(jī)與數(shù)字中繼線間的接口設(shè)備。并且不需要饋電、振鈴、2/5線轉(zhuǎn)換和編譯碼功能。當(dāng)采用主從或互控設(shè)備同步時,設(shè)備接口必須能從接受信號中恢復(fù)時鐘提取和同步信號即數(shù)字中繼的主要功能是時鐘的提取、碼型變換、幀同步和復(fù)幀同步等。數(shù)字中繼的功能框圖如圖所示。當(dāng)采用數(shù)字中繼設(shè)備時,若設(shè)備在生產(chǎn)中發(fā)生不規(guī)則變動時就會引起通風(fēng)設(shè)備系統(tǒng)相應(yīng)參數(shù)的變化。通風(fēng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)也算是通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)仿真系統(tǒng)中的核心組成部分,利用強(qiáng)大仿真系統(tǒng)的解算能力能夠有效地解決礦井的通風(fēng)問題。
根據(jù)此次項(xiàng)目的調(diào)查結(jié)果和測定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對現(xiàn)有通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)的缺陷,提出以下幾項(xiàng)實(shí)施優(yōu)化方案。
(1)各個中段扇區(qū)內(nèi)安裝輔助風(fēng)墻,做好安全防護(hù)工作,有效提高該中段內(nèi)輔助扇區(qū)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的再生效率。(2)施工采用扇區(qū)局部通風(fēng),抽風(fēng)式扇區(qū)應(yīng)按設(shè)計(jì)要求和風(fēng)筒相一致,把外層風(fēng)流送到施工指定定點(diǎn),利于污風(fēng)排出通氣管道,保持主控管道清潔干燥。(3)對施工作業(yè)進(jìn)行布置規(guī)劃,運(yùn)用前進(jìn)式布置方式,在空間結(jié)構(gòu)上保持中段作業(yè)超過前段施工部署規(guī)劃周期,減少污染范圍。(4)推動對通風(fēng)建物的管理能力,隨時做好需風(fēng)作業(yè)點(diǎn)的調(diào)整,使通風(fēng)量滿足實(shí)際需要的安排。
4 結(jié)語
通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)是一個不斷演進(jìn)變化的過程,即便在好的設(shè)計(jì)也不能一次成型,適應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)變化需要的情形,及時不斷對各個操作節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)整(例如風(fēng)機(jī)插拔線接觸良好情況,設(shè)備門框開啟扇角的大小及安裝位置的選擇等)是對通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)正常運(yùn)行的一個保障。減少阻力和風(fēng)漏,同時采場也要有一批技術(shù)先進(jìn)、對工作負(fù)責(zé)和善于管理知識性人才團(tuán)隊(duì),以便實(shí)現(xiàn)一個符合當(dāng)今安全生產(chǎn)實(shí)際需要的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]馬恒,賈進(jìn)章,于鳳偉.復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)中風(fēng)流的穩(wěn)定性[J].遼寧工程技術(shù)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2001,20(1):14-16.
[2]馬恒,徐超,李宗祥等.礦井通風(fēng)摩擦風(fēng)阻的計(jì)算與研究[J].安全與環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào),2011,11(5):172:174.
[3]劉劍,賈進(jìn)章,鄭丹.流體網(wǎng)絡(luò)理論[M],北京:煤炭工業(yè)出版社,2002.9(2):152-134.
[4]陳喜山,梁曉春,李楊.金屬礦山礦井通風(fēng)技術(shù)的新進(jìn)展[J].金屬礦山,2002,(9):55-57.
看起來,在全球化語境中,中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展和東方文化魅力,已經(jīng)開始在更多的國家獲得認(rèn)同。學(xué)習(xí)漢語也與在中國獲得競爭優(yōu)勢和巨大的商機(jī)聯(lián)系了起來。一些西方國家精英更為迫切地意識到,遏阻中國崛起不僅非常危險,也幾乎不可能。就此,美國馬里蘭大學(xué)政治學(xué)教授歐內(nèi)斯特?威爾遜認(rèn)為:“中美雙方都在學(xué)習(xí)。中國在學(xué)習(xí)如何成長為一個新興的國際強(qiáng)國,而美國則在學(xué)習(xí)如何回應(yīng)認(rèn)知成長中的強(qiáng)國?!?/p>
出現(xiàn)海外漢語熱的同時,中國的英語熱也在持續(xù)升溫。但是細(xì)細(xì)考察,其中的文化心態(tài)卻大不一樣。海外漢語熱來自民間對東方了解的熱情,心態(tài)平和而充滿文化對話的渴望。中國的英語熱則來自教育制度和文化心態(tài)的西化權(quán)力,其中的后殖民文化意味不能不注意。
近二十年來,在強(qiáng)烈的西化情緒中,在國家教育制度和人才政策中,英語的重要性被空前夸大,而且在體制中被日益固化。加之輿論的渲染傳播和留學(xué)熱的持續(xù)升溫,使得英語成為中國當(dāng)代教育的高桿,左右著知識界和教育界的視線:無論是考大學(xué)讀碩讀博,還是評職稱晉級,都需要考英語。校園里各科專業(yè)課堂上,學(xué)生們埋頭背英文的現(xiàn)象比比皆是。因?yàn)楸究粕⒄Z四級碩士英語六級的洋高桿必須跳過去,否則學(xué)位證書就會失之交臂。所有不同專業(yè)的學(xué)生都將外語看成頭等大事,大學(xué)四年將近有三分之一時間花在英語的應(yīng)試學(xué)習(xí)上。而碩士博士花在英文上的時間已經(jīng)超過了本專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)的時間,使得近十年中國研究生水平滑坡成為一種既定事實(shí)。
這種明顯的“英語壓倒?jié)h語”的狀況仍在被炒作、固化,英語的效用仍在進(jìn)一步被神化,一大批術(shù)有專精的優(yōu)秀人才被英語考試的高門檻堵在門外。正如有人所說:“英語已然成為第一階級語言,漢語似乎已淪落為第二階級語言了。”可以說,中國的多種晉級考試中,都將英語而不是漢語的語言水平作為篩選的重要尺度來衡量人才,英文考試似乎成為當(dāng)代中國考場中的“新八股”,擔(dān)當(dāng)著“新科舉”的重任。
我不反對學(xué)英語,多學(xué)一門語言對進(jìn)入世界確實(shí)非常重要。但是如何把握母語和外語的學(xué)習(xí)尺度確實(shí)是個問題,如果是以英語水平作為我們的高考、碩考、博考最重要的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)―――專業(yè)或母語再好,只要英語沒過就都算不合格的話,那將是貽害無窮的。對英語的過分強(qiáng)調(diào),表達(dá)了對母語的不自信,對專業(yè)素質(zhì)的考試性歧視,同時還表現(xiàn)出當(dāng)下教育制度的嚴(yán)重西化。這種按西方自然科學(xué)或社會科學(xué)方法來要求人文科學(xué)和藝術(shù)科學(xué)的做法,其危害在未來歲月中將會顯現(xiàn),表現(xiàn)為人才斷根、專業(yè)深度消逝、母語自卑主義等。說到底,英語至多能作為一國文化教育的第二衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),母語和專業(yè)才應(yīng)該是真正第一位的。
【關(guān)鍵詞】傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言;現(xiàn)代影視動畫;具體運(yùn)用
影視動畫是一門綜合的藝術(shù),是人類尋求精神要求的產(chǎn)物,它主要包括:音樂、繪畫、電影、動漫、文學(xué)以及攝影等。而傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言不僅是我國民族傳統(tǒng)文化融合和發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物,還一定程度上反映了我國的民族精神、民族文化以及風(fēng)俗民情,是中國先進(jìn)特色的藝術(shù)成果。隨著社會發(fā)展的速度越來越快,傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言顯得更加具有魅力,在現(xiàn)代影視動畫中的運(yùn)用也越來越顯著?,F(xiàn)代影視動畫的發(fā)展速度也在迅速加快,表現(xiàn)手法和方式給觀眾帶來了較強(qiáng)的視覺沖擊,因此如何將傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言合理運(yùn)用到現(xiàn)代影視動畫中成了業(yè)界關(guān)注的問題。完美的融合變得越來越重要。
1.傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言和現(xiàn)代影視動畫的基本概念
1.1傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言
藝術(shù)語言是指通過多重的藝術(shù)載體來表達(dá)情緒、情感以及藝術(shù)形象,它是藝術(shù)作品形式的構(gòu)成要素,藝術(shù)作品只能通過藝術(shù)語言來表達(dá),讓觀眾更好的認(rèn)識藝術(shù)作品,沒有藝術(shù)語言就沒有藝術(shù)作品的體現(xiàn),藝術(shù)作品的存在必須有藝術(shù)語言做承載。傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言是中國傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)的變現(xiàn)形式,具有古典美和傳統(tǒng)美的特色。每一類的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù),在社會的發(fā)展中必定會出現(xiàn)符合自身特色的藝術(shù)語言。比如,電影形象能夠呈現(xiàn)在觀眾面前,它是通過多個畫面的連接而成;繪畫藝術(shù)則是通過色彩、線條、形狀、明亮等藝術(shù)語言來體現(xiàn)在觀賞者面前。藝術(shù)語言的表現(xiàn)形式較多,比如夸張的、比喻的、寫實(shí)的等等。所以熟練的掌握并合理的應(yīng)用傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言是了解和精通藝術(shù)作用的關(guān)鍵。
1.2現(xiàn)代影視動畫
現(xiàn)代影視動畫是指現(xiàn)代影視的三維立體動畫,將固定的物體通過三維技術(shù)的合成使其成為活動的物體,再根據(jù)動畫制作形成影視需要的影像,現(xiàn)代影視動畫設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)域較廣,包括前期的拍攝、特效創(chuàng)意的設(shè)計(jì)、3D效果的制作、后期的合成和特效的制作等。它是綜合的藝術(shù),是人類精神需求的產(chǎn)物,且具有較為豐富的表現(xiàn)形式。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,已經(jīng)慢慢深人到現(xiàn)代影視動畫中,計(jì)算機(jī)軟件的增加也給現(xiàn)代影視動畫拓寬了制作和拍攝領(lǐng)域。現(xiàn)代影視動畫發(fā)展的腳步愈來愈迅速,可以將簡單的影視動畫特效切換到較為復(fù)雜的場景中,給觀眾呈現(xiàn)出較為特色的動畫效果。
2.傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言在現(xiàn)代影視動畫中的具體運(yùn)用
時代在發(fā)展,人類對藝術(shù)的追求也在發(fā)展,人類將傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)的精髓保留并創(chuàng)新。傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言不只是精神的傳達(dá),更多的是給人類到來了歸屬感和成就感,傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言在歐美國家以至全球的影視動畫中都有體現(xiàn),例如較為著名的迪斯尼動畫電影《花木蘭》,闡述的是中國古代的勵志故事,具有中國的傳統(tǒng)文化特色;它的表現(xiàn)方式是傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言方式,將多個畫面進(jìn)行連接、鏡頭進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)接,把電影想要表達(dá)的影像利用藝術(shù)語言展現(xiàn)出來?,F(xiàn)代影視動畫在不同程度上運(yùn)用了傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言,它不僅從審美效果上融合了傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù),還從精神內(nèi)涵上進(jìn)行了充分運(yùn)用,一定程度上給人帶來了巨大的沖擊力。世界的影視動畫作品也越來越多的運(yùn)用了傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言,且非常突出。隨著先進(jìn)技術(shù)時代的到來,影視動畫領(lǐng)域的藝術(shù)作品也在進(jìn)行改革,與時俱進(jìn),從作品的內(nèi)容和表現(xiàn)形式方面都進(jìn)行了改革創(chuàng)新,且融人了更多的特色元素。傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言不僅為世界的影視動畫作品增添了特色元素,還將傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)與現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)的影視技術(shù)進(jìn)行了完美融合,從而將全世界的影視動畫技術(shù)推上了新的高度,例如影視動畫片《鐵臂阿童木》,故事中的情感部分采用的是傳統(tǒng)的觀念,可以看出我國四大名著之一《西游記》中孫悟空或多或少的影子,就傳統(tǒng)的情感觀念而言,它是一部成功的動畫片。當(dāng)今社會,處于多元化發(fā)展的階段,世界各個國家的藝術(shù)文化都在不斷融合、不斷借鑒,主要體現(xiàn)在表現(xiàn)形式、表現(xiàn)手法以及表達(dá)影像方面,各個國家都通過不同的方式將傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言充分的運(yùn)用到現(xiàn)代影視動畫中,只有如此才能適應(yīng)時代的發(fā)展,適應(yīng)行業(yè)的發(fā)展。
3.傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言在現(xiàn)代影視動畫中運(yùn)用的重要性
現(xiàn)代影視動畫的發(fā)展腳步越來越快,從《貓和老鼠》到《小虎還鄉(xiāng)》,再到《怪物史瑞克》等各具特色的動畫片,也是從二維到三維的發(fā)展?,F(xiàn)代影視動畫不僅內(nèi)容較豐富,融人了較多的創(chuàng)造力和想象力,且給觀眾呈現(xiàn)出來的影像更具沖擊力。它已成為電影的潮流,感染著越來越多的觀眾。它的迅速發(fā)展離不開傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言的運(yùn)用,它運(yùn)用了傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言的獨(dú)特視角來表達(dá)動畫的主題,使影視動畫擁有內(nèi)在美和外在美的融合,沖擊著觀眾的心靈,傳播出更具特色的價值。傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言不僅為現(xiàn)代影視動畫的創(chuàng)作提供了個性素材,還提升了影視作品的藝術(shù)內(nèi)涵,占據(jù)重要位置。
4.總結(jié)
綜上所述,傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)語言是現(xiàn)代影視動畫的精髓,它為影視動畫的設(shè)計(jì)提供了藝術(shù)理念,使影視動畫擁有自己的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格和特色?,F(xiàn)代影視動畫只有融合傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言,并合理的運(yùn)用它,才能更好的發(fā)展前進(jìn)。影視動畫作品不只是給人類視覺帶來不一樣的效果和沖擊力,還應(yīng)觸動人們的心靈情感?,F(xiàn)代影視動畫作品在創(chuàng)作中越來越多的融人傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言,不僅為動畫作品增添了內(nèi)涵和理念,還更加適應(yīng)了全球多元化的發(fā)展,在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的潮流中占據(jù)不敗之地。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]苗子燁.論現(xiàn)代影視動畫與傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)語言的融合田.電影文學(xué),2011,(23):。61一。62.
[2]唐慧妮.淺議傳統(tǒng)繪畫語言在現(xiàn)代動畫片中的應(yīng)用田.中國科教創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)于,〕,2012,(22):131一131.