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四、單項(xiàng)選擇(共15分,每小題1分)
( ) 21. These books were really good, so she couldn’t .
A. put down it B. put it down C. put down them D. put them down
( ) 22. —Do you think if Tom the work well?
—I think he will if he his best.
A. does, will try B. will do, tries C. does, tries D. will do, will try
( ) 23. —I have never been to African countries. What about you?
— ________.
A. Neither have I B. So do I C. Neither do I D. So have I
( ) 24. Don’t worry! I’ll do what I can you when you are in trouble.
A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped
( ) 25. —I'm going to visit Yellow Mountain with my family this weekend.
— ________.
A. Good luck B. Congratulations C. Have a great time D. That sounds good
( ) 26. — ________ have you learned to play the piano?
— ________ five years ago.
A. How long, For B. How often, For
C. How long, Since D. How soon, Since
( ) 27. —Are you worried about the coming exam?
—No, I think the more ________ you study, ________ mistakes you’ll make.
A. careful, the less B. careful, the fewer
C. carefully, the less D. carefully, the fewer
( ) 28. —Do you know __ ___?
— Sorry, I don’t. But I saw her just now. xKb 1.C om
A. where has she gone B. where she has gone
C. where she has been D. where will she go
( ) 29. I have __ ___ decided when to leave, but my sister hasn’t decided
__ ___.
A. yet, yet B. already, already C. already, yet D. yet, already
( ) 30. —I called you last night, but no one answered me.
—Oh, I________ a shower.
A. have taken B. was taking C. took D. will take
( ) 31. The policeman asked the child ________ cross the street ________ the traffic lights turned green.
A. not, when B. not to, unti C. didn't, before D. not to, after
( ) 32. —I ________ a new house recently.
—Great. When ________ you ________ it?
A. have bought, did, buy B. have bought, have, bought
C. bought, did, buy D. bought, have, bought
( ) 33. Two thirds of the population of the village ________ farmers. The number of them ________ about 2,000.
A. is, is B. is, are C. are, are D. are, is
( ) 34. —I’m leaving for the exam. Bye, Mum.
—Well, make sure you’ve got ________ ready.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
( ) 35. — ________ is your school?
—I can’t remember it well. I________ for ten years.
A. How big, have left B. What big, have been away
C. How big, have been away D. What big, have left五、完形填空(共15分,每小題1.5分)
Do you write your own blog(博客)? Do you often 36 other’s blogs on the Internet?
All over the world, not only famous persons but also many students use blogs as diaries and places to share their experiences and 37 advice or help.
“ I write my activities every day, 38 funny things and worries in my life.” says Lili, a high school student in Washington. “ I like putting pictures on my blog because it can make my blog more 39 and more people will like it. It’s a good way 40 my life to the world.” She has had her blog for eight months.
Students like writing blogs 41 they can write anything they want to, but don’t need to 42 any money.
When you start to write your blog, you will find 43 necessary to open up your eyes to a new world. But what you write down may trouble you 44 . So use the blog carefully 45 you can keep yourself away from some trouble. The blog makes everyone’s life colorful.
( ) 36. A. read B. write C. forget D. miss
( ) 37. A. learn from B. hear of C. ask for D. depend on
( ) 38. A. without B. including C. between D.include ( ) 39. A. common B. modern C. famous D.interesting ( ) 40. A. to show B. showing C. show D.showed ( ) 41. A. unless B. while C. until D. because
( ) 42. A. save B. spend C. take D. waste
( ) 43. A. that B. it C. one D. those
( ) 44. A. sometimes B. always C. ever D.never
( ) 45. A. only when B. even though C. so that D. ever since
六、閱讀理解(共30分,每小題2分)
A
Dear Sir,
I am writing to you about my stay at your hotel. My wife and I arrived on Saturday, May 15th and stayed for a week. Though we were treated well and found the service excellent, we think there are one or two things we should bring your attention.
1. We hoped for a nice holiday from our busy work lives, and your ad said “comfortable and quiet”. We want to have a chance to enjoy ourselves. However, we were always waken up by the noise every morning. Is it really necessary for the workers to start their repair work so early?
2. We hoped to swim in your “wonderful pool”. To our disappointment(失望), we found that it was closed for the whole time of our stay.
I hope you do not mind my writing to you about these things, but I would be happy if you could give me some explanation(說(shuō)明). As I said at the start, it is a pity, and your service is so good in other places.
I hope to hear from you soon.
Yours sincerely
Tom Green
( ) 46. Who is Mr Tom Green probably writing this letter to?
A. His friend. B. The owner of a hotel. C. A reader. D. His father.
( ) 47. When did they get to the hotel?
A. On May 15th. B. A week ago. C. Last year. D. On a cold morning.
( ) 48. What’s the main idea of the second paragraph (段落)?
A. The hotel was very comfortable and quiet.
B. The workers in the hotel were very hard-working.
C. He thought the hotel didn’t provide them with a quiet place.
D. The service in the hotel was very excellent.
( ) 49. What did Mr Green think about the swimming pool?
A. He felt disappointed because the swimming pool was closed for the whole time of their stay.
B. He felt disappointed because the swimming poop was too small.
C. He felt excited about it because he had a good time there.
D. He found it really wonderful, just like the words in the ad.
( ) 50. What kind of letter is it?
A. An invitation letter. B. A thank-you letter.
C. A sorry letter. D. A complaint letter.
B
Mobile phones(手機(jī)) have become a problem for middle schools. Some middle schools in Australia have stopped students from carrying mobile phones during school hours. The mobile phone use among children has become a problem for the school this year. Several children have got mobile phones as Christmas gifts, and more students will want them.
Mary, a teacher, said the mobile phone use is a distraction to students during school hours and it also gives teachers so much trouble in their classrooms. Teachers also said that sometimes students might use phone messages to copy during exams. She said some schools tried to stop mobile phones. Some parents felt unhappy because they couldn’t get in touch with their children.
Many teachers said students should not have mobile phones at school, but if there was a good reason, they could leave their phones at the school office. They also said there were many reasons why the students should not have mobile phones at school, they were easy to lose and were a distraction for studies.
Many people say that they understand why parents would want their children to have phones, but they think schools should let the students know when they can use their mobile phones.
( ) 51. Some middle schools in Australia have stopped students from carrying mobile phones .
A. because they are students B. when they are free
C. when they are at school D. because they are children
( ) 52. We know from the passage that some children get mobile phones from .
A. the makers and sellers B. the teachers
C. their parents and friends D.some mobile phone users
( ) 53. What does the underlined word mean in the passage?
A. 鼓舞 B. 分心 C. 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì) D. 核對(duì)
( ) 54. Some parents felt unhappy because they couldn’t _ __ during school hours.
A. use their mobile phones B. leave their mobile phones at the school office
C. help the teachers with their work D. get in touch with their children
( ) 55. The passage mainly tells us that _ __.
A. students shouldn’t have mobile phones at school except(除…外) some special reasons
B. it is impossible to stop students from using mobile phones at school
C. some parents felt unhappy because they couldn’t use their phones at school
D. parents should teach children how to use mobile phones during school hours
C
Hundreds of years ago, life was much harder than it is today. People didn’t have modern machines. Life today has brought new problems. One of the biggest is pollution. Water pollution has made our rivers and lakes dirty. It kills our fish and pollutes our drinking water. Noise pollution makes us talk louder and become angry more easily. Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution. It’s bad to all living things in the world.
Polluted air from cars, planes and factories is so thick that it is like a quilt(被子) over a city. This kind of quilt is called smog(煙霧). Many countries are making rules to fight pollution. Factories must now clean their water before it is thrown away. And they mustn’t blow dirty smoke into the air. We need to do many other things. We can put waste things in the dustbin and not throw it on the ground. We can go to work by bus or with our friends in the same car. If there are fewer people driving, there will be less pollution.
Rules are not enough, every person must help to fight pollution.
( ) 56. Hundreds of years ago, life was much harder than it is today because ___ __.
A. there were fewer modern machines at that time than today
B. people didn’t like to use modern medicines
C. there were no modern machines at all
D. there was no pollution at all
( ) 57. What is the biggest problem in today’s life?
A. Dirty water. B. Pollution. C. Noise. D. Too crowded
( ) 58. The most serious kind of pollution is ___ ___.
A. noise pollution B. air pollution C. water pollution D. waste paper
( ) 59. Factories must clean their water ___ ___.
A. before they use it B. when they use it
C. before it is thrown away D. whenever they use it
( ) 60. From the passage we know that _ ___.
A. a few years ago, there was no smog at all
B. today people don’t have to talk to each other in a loud voice
C. people are making rules in order to fight pollution
D. people can only use rules to fight pollution
七、單詞拼寫(xiě)(共5分,每小題1分)
61. People lived in bad c ____ __ (條件) in the past.
62. Our English teacher often e____ __ (鼓勵(lì)) us to study English hard.
63. With the d__ ____ (發(fā)展) of the modern city, we need more living abilities.
64. We should be honest students instead of c__ ____ (欺騙) our teachers.
65. The countryside is a p__ __ __(完美的) place to take a holiday.
八、補(bǔ)全對(duì)話(huà)(共5分,每小題1分)
請(qǐng)從A-G中選出五個(gè)句子完成對(duì)話(huà),其中有兩項(xiàng)多余。
A: Hello, Helen. The happy summer vacation is coming. 66
B: Yes. I’m not busy at all. I’ve just finished my homework.
A、What’s your name?
B、What color do you want
C、Here you are
D、Can I help you
E、What size do you like
F、How about this T-shirt
G、I’ll take it
A: 67
B: I have no ideas. What about you?
A: Let me see. We’d better do something interesting and helpful. 68
B: Certainly. Where?
A: In the new museum.
B: Oh, I remember. I heard of it last week. 69 IIwesfsufslfjklvmdklvdklv
A: By bike. It’s Saturday tomorrow. The traffic must be heavy, I think.學(xué)I]
B: I agree. 70
A: At the gate of our school at nine in the morning.
B: OK. See you then.
九、書(shū)面表達(dá)(10分)
假如你是Sally,是個(gè)中學(xué)生,經(jīng)常收聽(tīng)音樂(lè)節(jié)目(program),請(qǐng)你用英語(yǔ)給節(jié)目主持人寫(xiě)一封信,信的要點(diǎn)如下:
1、你聽(tīng)這個(gè)節(jié)目已經(jīng)3年了,很喜歡這個(gè)節(jié)目, 特別(especially)是英文歌曲節(jié)目,到目前為止已學(xué)了10首英文歌曲;
2、當(dāng)你學(xué)習(xí)繁忙或疲勞時(shí),你常會(huì)打開(kāi)收音機(jī)(recorder)去收聽(tīng)這個(gè)節(jié)目;
3、自己也已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了1首英文歌曲,并寄到了這個(gè)節(jié)目;
4、你最喜歡Yesterday Once More這首歌,希望能得到歌詞(lyrics);
5、你在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)上已經(jīng)取得了巨大進(jìn)步,感謝這個(gè)節(jié)目。
要求:語(yǔ)意連貫,語(yǔ)法正確,注意時(shí)態(tài),80詞左右。
Dear sir, Yours,
Sally
參考答案
IV 單項(xiàng)選擇(共15分,每小題1分)
21~25 D B A A C 26~30 C D B C B 31~35 B A D C C
V 完形填空(共15分,每小題1.5分)
36~40 A C B D A 41~45 D B B A C
VI 閱讀理解(共30分,每小題2分)
46~50 B A C A D 51~55 C C B D A 56~60 A B B C C
VII單詞拼寫(xiě)(共5分,每小題1分)
61、conditions 62、encourages 63、development
64、cheating 65、perfect
VIII 補(bǔ)全對(duì)話(huà)(共5分,每小題1分)
66~70 F E A D C
IX 書(shū)面表達(dá)(共10分)
參考范文:
Dir sir,
I’m Sally. Now I’m studying in a high school. I often turn on the radio to listen to your program when I am free or feel tired. I like your program so much, especially the English songs. I’ve listened to the program for about 3 years. So far I have learned 10 English songs through the program.
I like the song named Yesterday Once More best and I expect to get the lyrics of the song. I hope you can achieve my dream. I’ve already written an English song and sent it to your program. Thanks to your program, I have also made great progress in my English study. Wish your program more excellent.
一.聽(tīng)句子,選擇正確圖片。每個(gè)句子讀一遍。(5分)
( )1.
( )2.
二. 聽(tīng)句子,選擇正確答語(yǔ)。每個(gè)句子讀一遍。(5分)
( )6. A. I’d like to book four tickets, please.
B. Sure, what size do you want?
C. How about this one?
( )7. A. I want to travel by bicycle.
B. I am worried about the cost of our field trip.
C. I’d like to watch Beijing Opera one day.
( )8. A. Don’t worry. B. That’s OK. C. No, thanks.
( )9. A. That’s OK. B. I’d love to. C. That’s a good idea.
( )10. A. Yes, I would. B. Yes, I’d love to. C. It’s an interesting place to go.
三. 聽(tīng)對(duì)話(huà),選擇正確答案。每段對(duì)話(huà)讀兩遍。(5分)
( )11. How much does a room with a single bed cost?
A.¥220. B.¥260. C.¥300.
( )12. Where will they go for their spring field trip?
A. The Great Wall.
B. The Children’s Palace.
C. The Summer Palace.
( )13. What will Kate do with her money?
A. She will go on a trip.
B. She will buy some books.
C. She will buy a new T-shirt.
( )14. How is Li Ming going home today?
A. On foot. B. By bicycle. C. By bus.
( )15. What’s the task of Betty’s group?
A. To find out the cost by train.
B. To find out the cost by bus.
C. To find out the cost by ship.
四. 聽(tīng)短文,完成表格。短文讀兩遍。(5分)
SCHOOL TRIP
Day: Saturday
Visit the film museum: There are many interesting things about the 16.________ and famous stars.
Leaving Time: 17. _____________
Meet: in the 18._____________
Cost: 19. ___________ dollars each
Things: Bring a pencil and a 20.________________
筆試部分(100分)
一, 單項(xiàng)選擇。(20分)
( )1. ---- Shall we go hiking this weekend?
---- Sounds ____.
A. good B. well C. good idea D. bad
( )2. Mr.Green ____ go to bed _____ he finished his work last night
A. does; until B. don’t; until C. didn’t; until D. isn’t; until
( )3. His mother gets up at 6:00 a. m. every day. She is used to ____ early to make breakfast for the family.
A. get up B. getting up C. gets up D. got up
( )4. The boss makes the workers ________ fourteen hours a day.
A. to work B. worked C. working D. work
( )5. Li Lei’s legs were ____ in the traffic accident yesterday.
A. badly hurt B. bad hurt C. hurts D. hurt bad
( )6. This film is as ___________ as that one.
A. interested B. more interesting C. interesting D. more interested
( )7. There are many shops on ___________ sides of the street.
A. both B. every C. each D. each of
( )8. Japan is __________ the east of China.
A. in B. to C. at D. on
( )9. We’re looking forward to ________ the famous science museum tomorrow.
A. build B. visit C. building D. visiting
( )10. We all _________ thanks to our dear teacher on Teachers’ Day.
A. tell B. say C. talk D. speak
( )11. The policeman warned the driver _______ too fast. It was very dangerous.
A. to drive B. not to drive C. driving D. not driving
( )12. Let’s ___________ the cost of going to Beijing by air on the computer.
A. look for B. find out C. try out D. put up
( )13. ----Dick gave me a note while I _______ in the library.
---- I guess he wanted to say sorry to you.
A. am reading B. was reading C. reads D. will read
( )14.----What would you like to do this Sunday?
----If it doesn’t rain, I ________ to Mount Qingyun for a spring field trip.
A. will go B. goes C. went D. go
( )15.----What about going shopping together?
---- Sorry, I have a lot of homework ________.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. did
( )16.----I’ll go on a visit to Mount Huang.
-----_____________________
A. Thank you. B. Have a good trip!
C. Never mind. D. My pleasure.
( )17.It ______ me two hours to finish the homework last night.
A. costs B. paid C. took D. spent
( )18.---- Mary can’t help ____ the house. Why?
---- Because she is busy ____ a hotel reservation.
A. to clean; making B. cleaning; making
C. cleaning; to make D. to clean; to make
( )19.Beijing is famous ____ its places of interest, such as the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace and the Great Wall.
A. for B. as C. to D. in
( )20. At last, the truck avoided ________ the tree.
A. hit B. to hit C. hitting D. hiting
二, 完形填空。(共10分)
( ) 21. A. tall B. fat C. happily D. fit
( ) 22. A. to get B. get C. got D. getting
( ) 23. A. quick B. dear C. little D. long
( ) 24. A. so B. because C. but D. although
( ) 25. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
( ) 26. A. shortest B. most C. best D. least
( ) 27. A. price B. place C. time D. way
( ) 28. A. should B. can C. will D. must
( ) 29. A. think B. hear C. believe D. see
( )30. A. think about B. to give up C. put up D. calm down
三,閱讀理解。(共30分)
(A)
Accident Report Form
Accident A car hit a tree.
Four people were in the car.
Weather condition There was a heavy rain.
Cause The driver named Li Jun drank too much.
Date of call March 20th, 2008
Time of call 8:30 p.m.
Name of caller A man called Zhang Wei. (He was taking a walk there at that time.)
Place Zhongshan Road, Nanjing
Conditions of
Victims (受害者) Mr. Green hurt his head.
Mrs. Green hurt her left leg.
Their daughter felt frightened.
Their dog died.
Action Policemen arrived at 8:40 p.m. and sent the victims to Gulou Hospital at 8:45 p.m.
( )31. What time did Zhang Wei call the police?
A. At 8:30 a. m. B. At 8:30 p. m.
C. At 8:40 p. m. D. At 8:45 p. m.
( )32. How many people were there in the cars?
A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four.
( )33. Whose left leg was hurt?
A. Mrs. Green’s. B. Their daughter’s.
C. Mr. Green’s. D. Their dog’s.
( )34. What was the weather like that day?
A. It was sunny. B. It was snowy.
C. It was cloudy. D. It was rainy.
( )35. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. The car hit a wall.
B. The accident happened on Zhongshan Road in Beijing.
C. The driver drank too much.
D. The policemen arrived half an hour later and sent the victims
to the hospital.
(B)
The Arts Cinema is open 7 days a week, showing lots of American and foreign films. Next week it will show an Australian film called Midnight Meeting. It is set in (以….為背景) Sydney in the 1960s. You can see that film from Monday to Thursday. It will be on twice a day at 6:30 and 9:10 in the evenings. The film lasts two hours and fifteen minutes. Tickets are$4, but there is a special student at$2.60 for all the films. Please bring your student card if you want the cheaper ticket.
The nearest parking lot to the cinema is in Hamlet Street. It’s just five minutes’ walk from the cinema. If you need further information, phone 8813962 during office hours from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday to Friday.?
( ) 36. From the passage we know that Midnight Meeting is a(n)_________film.
A. Chinese B. Japanese C. Australian D. American
( ) 37. When can people see that film?
A. From Monday to Thursday.? B. From Monday to Friday.
C. Six days a week. D. Seven days a week.
( ) 38. The film lasts ______.
A. from 6:30 p.m. to 9:10 p.m. B. from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
C. twice a day in the evenings D. two hours and fifteen minutes
( ) 39. How much do a student and his father pay for the film?
A.$2. B.$2.60. C.$4. D.$6.60.
( ) 40. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Midnight Meeting is about Sydney in 1960.?
B. Students can get a ticket with half of the price.?
C. For more information, please phone 8813962.
D. The nearest parking lot is about 10 minutes’ walk.
(C)
Modern life is impossible without traveling. The fastest way of traveling is by plane. With a modern airliner (客機(jī)), you can travel in one day to places which needed a month or more to get to hundreds of years ago.
Traveling by train is slower than by plane, but you can see the places you are traveling through. Modern trains have comfortable seats and dining-cars. They even make the longest journey enjoyable (令人愉快的).
Some people prefer to travel by sea. You can visit many other countries or different parts of your country. Ships are not so fast as trains or planes, but traveling by sea is a very pleasant way to spend a holiday.
Many people like to travel by car. You can make your own timetable. You can travel three or four hundred miles or only fifty or one hundred miles a day, just as you like. You can stop if there is something interesting, for example, at a good restaurant where you can enjoy a good meal, or at a hotel to spend the night. That’s why traveling by car is popular for pleasure trips, while people usually take a train or a plane when they travel on business.
( ) 41. From the passage, we know the fastest way of traveling is ____.
A. by train B. by sea C. by plane D. by car
( ) 42. If we travel by car, we can ____.
A. make the longest journey enjoyable
B. travel to a very far place in a few minutes
C. make our own timetable
D. visit many other countries
( ) 43. The underlined word “They” in the passage refers to (指的是) ____.
A. modern trains in the country
B. the comfortable seats and dining-cars
C. the travelers on the modern trains
D. the slower ways of traveling
( ) 44. When people travel on business, they usually take ____.
A. a plane or a car B. a car or a boat
C. a boat or a train D. a train or a plane
( ) 45. How many ways of traveling are mentioned in the passage?
A. Four. B. Three. C. Two. D. Six.
四, 根據(jù)中文或首字母提示填寫(xiě)單詞,注意用單詞的適當(dāng)形式。(共5分)
46. The headmaster called on the students to ______ (籌集) money for the poor boy.
47. We are _________ (自豪的)of our great country .
48. I __________ (支付) 25 yuan for the beef yesterday.
49. Mary won the game. She was ________ (成功的).
50. Jane didn’t go to bed__________(直到) she finshed her homework.
五, 根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)意思,完成句子。(共15分)
51.高老師經(jīng)常想出一些好主意來(lái)教我們英語(yǔ)。
Miss Gao often _______ ________ ________ some wonderful ideas to teach us.
52.Lucy上星期天收到她筆友的來(lái)信。
Lucy ________ ________ her pen pal last Sunday.
53.他昨天因?yàn)檫`反交通規(guī)則被罰款了
He ______ ________ ________ yesterday because he broke the traffic rules.
54. 他一看到我就告訴我這個(gè)好消息。
He told me the good news ___________ __________ _________he saw me.
55.與同學(xué)們相處得好,所以我很開(kāi)心。
I am happy because I _________ __________ well with my classmates.
56.火車(chē)又一次晚點(diǎn)了。
The train was late _________ _________.
六, 書(shū)面表達(dá)。(共20分)
(A) 閱讀下面George 給市長(zhǎng)的信,根據(jù)所提供的信息,完成信息卡.(5分)
Dear Mayor,
I am sick and tired of the traffic in the city! It is so bad that I can never get anywhere in time. There are too many cars on the road, and most have only one person in them.
Another problem is the buses. They are so old and slow that nobody wants to take them. They are noisy and very dirty. You can’t even see out the windows!
Also, the taxi drivers are not polite. They never know where they are going, and they take a long time to get somewhere. Taxis are expensive, too. And the subway is just too crowed and dangerous. What are we going to do?
Yours sincerely, George Grade
Information Card
What is George sick and tired of? 57.________________________________.
Why can’t people see out the windows? The buses are 58._____________________.
Why does nobody want to take buses? Because the buses are 59._______________.
How are the taxi drivers? The taxi drivers are 60._________________.
How is the subway? The subway is too 61.__________________.
(B) 作文。(15分)
[關(guān)鍵詞] ERP;應(yīng)收賬款結(jié)算;管理控制策略
doi : 10 . 3969 / j . issn . 1673 - 0194 . 2012 . 10. 001
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] F233 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673 - 0194(2012)10- 0002- 03
1 應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)類(lèi)型與業(yè)務(wù)處理特點(diǎn)
應(yīng)收賬款結(jié)算主要處理的業(yè)務(wù)是應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo),俗話(huà)講就是“勾銷(xiāo)”,是ERP系統(tǒng)中銷(xiāo)售與收款管理的主要環(huán)節(jié),準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)處理是生成賬齡分析表、到期債權(quán)列表、應(yīng)收利息表等管理表的基礎(chǔ)。
應(yīng)收系統(tǒng)核銷(xiāo)類(lèi)型主要包括:到款結(jié)算、預(yù)收款沖應(yīng)收款、應(yīng)收款轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)、預(yù)收款轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)、應(yīng)收款沖應(yīng)付款、預(yù)收款沖預(yù)付款。下面將以A公司為例,列舉各種應(yīng)收賬款結(jié)算的業(yè)務(wù)處理過(guò)程和數(shù)據(jù)。為簡(jiǎn)化起見(jiàn),假定各個(gè)往來(lái)單位之間的應(yīng)收、應(yīng)付、預(yù)收、預(yù)付等款項(xiàng)的金額是相等的。
(1)到款結(jié)算是最基本的核銷(xiāo)類(lèi)型,用于收到款項(xiàng)后勾銷(xiāo)應(yīng)收業(yè)務(wù)。比如,A公司賬面上掛賬B公司應(yīng)收款與A公司收到的B公司銀行承兌匯票。
(2)預(yù)收款沖應(yīng)收款是將預(yù)收業(yè)務(wù)與應(yīng)收業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行勾銷(xiāo)。由于收款中,存在預(yù)收賬款,無(wú)法預(yù)先知道該筆款項(xiàng)所屬的銷(xiāo)售業(yè)務(wù),而且收款出納在根據(jù)發(fā)票收款時(shí)也可能沒(méi)有記錄銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票號(hào)的現(xiàn)象,因此需進(jìn)行核銷(xiāo)處理準(zhǔn)確建立和核算收款與應(yīng)收款的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。比如,A公司賬面上同時(shí)掛賬B公司的預(yù)收款和應(yīng)收款。
(3)應(yīng)收賬款轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)涉及三角債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系,用于不同往來(lái)單位之間的應(yīng)收款轉(zhuǎn)移。比如,A公司賬面上掛賬B公司應(yīng)收款,同時(shí)B公司賬面上掛賬C公司應(yīng)收款,通過(guò)將A公司掛賬的B公司應(yīng)收款轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)給C公司,以結(jié)清A、B公司的應(yīng)收款和B、C公司的應(yīng)收款。
(4)預(yù)收賬款轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)亦涉及三角債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系,用于不同往來(lái)單位之間的預(yù)收款轉(zhuǎn)移。比如,A公司賬面上掛賬B公司預(yù)收款,同時(shí)B公司賬面上掛賬C公司預(yù)收款,通過(guò)將A公司掛賬的B公司預(yù)收款轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)給C公司,以結(jié)清A、B公司的預(yù)收款和B、C公司的預(yù)收款。
(5)應(yīng)收款沖應(yīng)付款可以是相同的往來(lái)單位之間的沖銷(xiāo),也可以是不同的往來(lái)單位之間的轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)。相同的往來(lái)單位之間的沖銷(xiāo)比較簡(jiǎn)單,而不同的往來(lái)單位之間的轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)則涉及三角債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系。比如,A公司賬面上掛賬B公司應(yīng)收款和C公司應(yīng)付款,如果B公司同時(shí)掛賬C公司應(yīng)收款和C公司同時(shí)掛賬B公司應(yīng)付款,通過(guò)將A公司掛賬的B公司應(yīng)收款與A公司掛賬的C公司應(yīng)付款勾銷(xiāo),以結(jié)清A、B公司的應(yīng)收款和A、C公司的應(yīng)付款,而建立C公司應(yīng)收B公司的款項(xiàng);由于已有的B公司掛賬C公司應(yīng)收款,最終結(jié)清A、B、C三公司之間的債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系。
(6)預(yù)收款沖預(yù)付款可以是相同的往來(lái)單位之間的沖銷(xiāo),也可以是不同的往來(lái)單位之間的轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)。相同的往來(lái)單位之間的沖銷(xiāo)比較簡(jiǎn)單,而不同的往來(lái)單位之間的轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)則涉及三角債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系。比如,A公司賬面上掛賬B公司預(yù)收款和C公司預(yù)付款,如果B公司同時(shí)掛賬C公司預(yù)收款和C公司同時(shí)掛賬B公司預(yù)付款,通過(guò)將A公司掛賬的B公司預(yù)收款與A公司掛賬的C公司預(yù)付款勾銷(xiāo),以結(jié)清A、B公司的預(yù)收款和A、C公司的預(yù)付款,而建立C公司預(yù)收B公司的款項(xiàng);由于已有的B公司掛賬C公司預(yù)收款,最終結(jié)清A、B、C三公司之間的債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系。
在上述6種核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)類(lèi)型中,第一種業(yè)務(wù)處理和數(shù)據(jù)流向單一,比較容易把握;第二種業(yè)務(wù)處理和數(shù)據(jù)流向雖然是雙向的,但由于是相同兩個(gè)往來(lái)單位之間的雙重、反向業(yè)務(wù)處理和數(shù)據(jù)流向,把握起來(lái)也不難;第三、四種都涉及到不同業(yè)務(wù)單位之間的三角債務(wù)關(guān)系,具有共同點(diǎn);第五、六種可能是相同兩個(gè)往來(lái)單位之間、也可能是3個(gè)不同業(yè)務(wù)單位之間的三角債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系,具有共同點(diǎn)。
2 應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)流程
應(yīng)收賬款結(jié)算銜接銷(xiāo)售活動(dòng)與收款活動(dòng),通過(guò)將相互對(duì)應(yīng)的各種單據(jù)進(jìn)行勾對(duì),以使應(yīng)收系統(tǒng)掛賬業(yè)務(wù)得以動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)時(shí)處理和更新。與應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)流程如圖1所示。
收款單文件要么登記預(yù)收款信息,要么根據(jù)已經(jīng)發(fā)生銷(xiāo)售活動(dòng)的收款。往來(lái)核銷(xiāo)的目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)由收款信息追溯對(duì)應(yīng)賒銷(xiāo)發(fā)票的作用。通過(guò)核銷(xiāo),確定收到的款項(xiàng)究竟是支付哪次購(gòu)買(mǎi)行為而拖欠的款項(xiàng),或者是結(jié)清什么債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系。應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)如圖2所示。
從ERP系統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)與財(cái)務(wù)融合與一體化的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看,應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)與銷(xiāo)售系統(tǒng)、資金管理系統(tǒng)、賬務(wù)系統(tǒng)相關(guān)聯(lián),存在著數(shù)據(jù)接口和數(shù)據(jù)交換。核銷(xiāo)之前必須保證銷(xiāo)售業(yè)務(wù)確已發(fā)生、數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)傳入賬務(wù)系統(tǒng),且確實(shí)已經(jīng)收款。明確的崗位職責(zé)和工作流程確保了通過(guò)前項(xiàng)事件的信息控制后續(xù)活動(dòng),并通過(guò)記錄和控制數(shù)據(jù)流確保了審計(jì)中業(yè)務(wù)追溯活動(dòng)的可執(zhí)行性。
3 應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)的表單處理
應(yīng)收賬款業(yè)務(wù)的主要單據(jù)有各種銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票(普通發(fā)票和增值稅發(fā)票)、其他應(yīng)收單、收款單、退款單和應(yīng)收票據(jù)。如圖1所示,核銷(xiāo)應(yīng)收賬款前,檢查對(duì)客戶(hù)開(kāi)發(fā)票環(huán)節(jié)非常重要。應(yīng)收賬款會(huì)計(jì)員開(kāi)銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票向客戶(hù)收賬前是否檢查了訂貨員輸入的銷(xiāo)售價(jià)格和裝運(yùn)員輸入的裝運(yùn)費(fèi)用。創(chuàng)建發(fā)票記錄后自動(dòng)生成銷(xiāo)售日記賬項(xiàng)。銷(xiāo)售日記賬提供了審計(jì)軌跡,檢查時(shí)可以用日記賬來(lái)認(rèn)定裝運(yùn)和銷(xiāo)售訂單記錄。檢查后的銷(xiāo)售日記賬可以過(guò)賬銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票記錄。
應(yīng)收賬款會(huì)計(jì)員在現(xiàn)金收款日記賬中記錄收款,并將現(xiàn)金收入日記賬的總金額和匯款單上的金額進(jìn)行比較,如果相符,則過(guò)賬該筆分錄,更新總賬。核銷(xiāo)時(shí)應(yīng)從收款單文件中的關(guān)鍵字“收款單號(hào)”,查核其對(duì)應(yīng)的發(fā)票記錄,如果對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系確認(rèn),則可以進(jìn)行核銷(xiāo)。
為突出特點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),這里主要說(shuō)明應(yīng)收賬款轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)、應(yīng)收沖應(yīng)付等涉及到三角債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系的核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)。
由前所述,應(yīng)收賬款轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)是為了結(jié)清三角債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系。單據(jù)和業(yè)務(wù)處理的關(guān)系如圖3所示。已有的A公司應(yīng)收B公司款項(xiàng)信息體現(xiàn)在A公司的銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票(包括普通發(fā)票和增值稅發(fā)票)中,已有的B公司應(yīng)收C公司款項(xiàng)信息體現(xiàn)在B公司的銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票中,以A公司為會(huì)計(jì)主體,將已有的A公司應(yīng)收B公司款項(xiàng)轉(zhuǎn)銷(xiāo)給C公司,則生成收款單,表明B公司已經(jīng)付款,并同時(shí)生成其他應(yīng)收單,表明A公司應(yīng)收B公司款項(xiàng)的記錄生成。
應(yīng)收沖應(yīng)付業(yè)務(wù)也是為了結(jié)清三角債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系。業(yè)務(wù)處理關(guān)系如圖4所示。
已有的A公司應(yīng)收B公司款項(xiàng)信息體現(xiàn)在A公司的銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票(包括普通發(fā)票和增值稅發(fā)票)中,已有的A公司應(yīng)付C公司款項(xiàng)信息體現(xiàn)在A公司的應(yīng)付單中,還有一個(gè)前提是C公司應(yīng)付B公司款項(xiàng),如果將A、B公司間的應(yīng)收沖A、C公司間的應(yīng)付后建立的C公司應(yīng)收B公司款項(xiàng)恰與C公司應(yīng)付B公司款項(xiàng)結(jié)清,則最終結(jié)果是結(jié)清A、B、C三個(gè)公司之間的債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系。
4 應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)處理一體化流程的管理控制策略
應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)需關(guān)注的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)和控制點(diǎn)包括收款業(yè)務(wù)執(zhí)行、收款記錄以及應(yīng)收賬款、現(xiàn)金和銷(xiāo)售的賬目信息記錄。為了降低應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)采取工作流程控制活動(dòng),即控制從一個(gè)事件到另一個(gè)事件的過(guò)程。工作流程控制利用事項(xiàng)之間的聯(lián)系,重點(diǎn)在于各事件的責(zé)任、事件的先后次序以及業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)中的信息的流程。應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)的工作流程控制活動(dòng)可以進(jìn)一步細(xì)化為相應(yīng)的管理控制策略:即崗位職責(zé)分工、表單控制、審核控制、報(bào)告控制等。
4.1 崗位職責(zé)分工
應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)涉及到的應(yīng)收會(huì)計(jì)員、收發(fā)員、出納和控制員這4個(gè)崗位的職責(zé)要分離,以保證業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)錄入和審核環(huán)節(jié)的分離。在應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)中,前提之一是銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票的錄入和審核是由職責(zé)分離的崗位來(lái)完成,前提之二是收款員收到客戶(hù)付款后,一方面交由出納處理銀行業(yè)務(wù),另一方面生成收款單交由應(yīng)收會(huì)計(jì)記錄收款。
4.2 表單控制
在應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)中,表單承載的信息不僅起到了傳遞信息的作用,還起到了控制的作用。核銷(xiāo)時(shí)可以在收款單上完成,但是前提是收款單必須通過(guò)關(guān)聯(lián)發(fā)票或應(yīng)收單的關(guān)鍵信息。如果要進(jìn)行自動(dòng)核銷(xiāo),則需設(shè)定根據(jù)時(shí)間先后核對(duì)單據(jù)金額進(jìn)行核銷(xiāo)。即通過(guò)對(duì)往來(lái)單位所有未核銷(xiāo)的發(fā)票、其他應(yīng)收單與所有未核銷(xiāo)的收款單、退款單核銷(xiāo)。
4.3 審核控制
應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)類(lèi)型不同,執(zhí)行核銷(xiāo)的過(guò)程亦不同,核銷(xiāo)后自動(dòng)生成的單據(jù)也不同。適當(dāng)?shù)膶徍丝刂埔源_保自動(dòng)生成的表單信息得以確認(rèn),并提供了審計(jì)軌跡。假使審計(jì)人員想要通過(guò)各種方式從核銷(xiāo)記錄追溯到原始銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票甚至追溯到原始銷(xiāo)售訂單時(shí),審計(jì)人員可以從核銷(xiāo)記錄中的收款單號(hào)、銷(xiāo)售發(fā)票號(hào)關(guān)鍵字段,檢查對(duì)應(yīng)的收款明細(xì)記錄和銷(xiāo)售明細(xì)記錄,進(jìn)而再順藤摸瓜檢查對(duì)應(yīng)的裝運(yùn)記錄和銷(xiāo)售訂單明細(xì)記錄中的銷(xiāo)售訂單信息。
4.4 報(bào)告控制
報(bào)告控制是一種周期性進(jìn)行的控制策略,在多數(shù)情況下是按月進(jìn)行。為了降低應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)業(yè)務(wù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),一般在每月末出具以下報(bào)告:①發(fā)送客戶(hù)往來(lái)對(duì)賬單,以反映客戶(hù)已支付的發(fā)票和尚未支付的發(fā)票,進(jìn)而發(fā)現(xiàn)客戶(hù)付款記錄和企業(yè)收款記錄的差異,并進(jìn)一步查找原因;②在應(yīng)收賬款核銷(xiāo)記錄的基礎(chǔ)上,查對(duì)應(yīng)收賬款賬齡報(bào)告,以跟蹤長(zhǎng)時(shí)間未付款的客戶(hù),為應(yīng)收賬款余額審計(jì)提供審計(jì)證據(jù)。
主要參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]張繼德.金融危機(jī)環(huán)境下企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)管理對(duì)策[J].中國(guó)管理信息化,2009(14).
一、精彩導(dǎo)入,激發(fā)興趣
精彩的課堂導(dǎo)入能迅速吸引學(xué)生的注意力,能在極短的時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生師生之間的情感共鳴,在師生心靈深處架起一座彼此交流互動(dòng)的橋梁。課堂導(dǎo)入直接關(guān)系到教學(xué)效果的好壞,因此在導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)中,要充分考慮到學(xué)生的年齡特征,盡量符合他們的心理需要,使他們盡快地進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài),激發(fā)他們的思維和表達(dá)的欲望,掃除英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)障礙,化解新授內(nèi)容的難度。課堂導(dǎo)入的設(shè)計(jì)因人、因時(shí)、因地、不同,方法多種多樣,不拘一格,要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活運(yùn)用。
1.背景知識(shí)導(dǎo)入法
對(duì)于一些故事、歷史或有文化背景題材的課文教學(xué),教師可以采用有關(guān)的材料或背景知識(shí),把學(xué)生引入到真實(shí)的語(yǔ)境中去。如外研版初二上冊(cè)Module 6 Unit 2要求學(xué)生能讀懂“愛(ài)麗絲漫游奇境”的文章,在教學(xué)中可以向?qū)W生展示本故事的部分圖片,通過(guò)討論圖片導(dǎo)入故事,這樣不僅可以激活學(xué)生頭腦中故事的相關(guān)情節(jié),還可以熟悉一些詞匯,為閱讀提供詞匯、句法以及背景知識(shí)的準(zhǔn)備。
2.情景導(dǎo)入法
針對(duì)初中學(xué)生好奇、愛(ài)表演的特點(diǎn),在導(dǎo)入新課過(guò)程中,通過(guò)扮演角色、實(shí)物呈現(xiàn)、多媒體應(yīng)用等多種教學(xué)手段將教材的情景生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)出來(lái),使學(xué)生在特定的情境中感知、理解新的語(yǔ)言材料的意思,理解具體情景中語(yǔ)言所傳遞的信息。如外研版初二上冊(cè)Module 8 Unit 2 The London Eye is on your right的熱身活動(dòng)可以采取“Sunny says”游戲練習(xí) “Turn left, go along ”等指示語(yǔ),然后利用地圖、多媒體課件等,設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)去某地旅游的情景,導(dǎo)入主題。
3.視聽(tīng)導(dǎo)入法
在講解新課知識(shí)前把教學(xué)中涉及到的內(nèi)容用圖片、音樂(lè)或視頻呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生。師生根據(jù)視聽(tīng)手段創(chuàng)設(shè)的情景,通過(guò)合理的想象和推理,進(jìn)行一系列的問(wèn)答和討論,從而切入新課主題。如學(xué)習(xí)外研版初二下冊(cè)Module 7 Unit 2,首先教師詢(xún)問(wèn):“May Day is coming , Where do you want to go? ”學(xué)生紛紛發(fā)言,調(diào)動(dòng)起了開(kāi)口講英語(yǔ)的欲望。然后通過(guò)視頻讓學(xué)生身臨其境感受“武陵源”的風(fēng)光,成功地導(dǎo)入了本課的內(nèi)容。
4.游戲競(jìng)賽導(dǎo)入法
根據(jù)初中生活潑好動(dòng)、喜愛(ài)游戲的特點(diǎn),課堂采用游戲競(jìng)賽導(dǎo)入,既能調(diào)動(dòng)課堂的氣氛又能激發(fā)學(xué)生參與的積極性,達(dá)到寓教于樂(lè)的目的。如教師可以開(kāi)展做表情動(dòng)作猜描述詞的游戲,如sad,nervous,happy,excited,angry,afraid等,讓學(xué)生在玩中學(xué),輕松愉快地導(dǎo)入proud,stupid等新詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)。
二、學(xué)法指導(dǎo),授之以漁
“漁”就是指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握基本的閱讀技能和閱讀方法。教師應(yīng)避免閱讀指導(dǎo)的隨意性和零散現(xiàn)象,力求按一定的指導(dǎo)體系,系統(tǒng)地對(duì)學(xué)生的閱讀能力和方法進(jìn)行點(diǎn)撥。我們可以借助預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)案,教給學(xué)生不同體裁的閱讀方法,培養(yǎng)理解能力,從而增強(qiáng)閱讀的效能。
如外研版初二下冊(cè)Reading環(huán)節(jié)分為Fast-reading, Careful-reading和Read aloud。閱讀時(shí)學(xué)生根據(jù)導(dǎo)學(xué)案自主閱讀,由淺入深,從武陵源到夜宿武陵源再到天子山逐步獲取信息;Fast reading環(huán)節(jié)要求學(xué)生Read and match the headings with the paragraphs,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生速讀信息的能力,Careful reading環(huán)節(jié)要求學(xué)生完成以下任務(wù):
1.Read Paragraph 1 and fill in the blanks.(通過(guò)本環(huán)節(jié)的閱讀,了解武陵源的細(xì)節(jié)信息,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獲取細(xì)節(jié)信息的能力,同時(shí)滲透閱讀策略:Just read the information you need.)
2.Read Paragraph 2 carefully and check the following statements. (了解野外過(guò)夜發(fā)生的事情,滲透閱讀策略:You can use the key words to help you.)
3.Read Paragraph 4-5 carefully and answer the questions.(了解爬“天子山”的事情。)
朗讀環(huán)節(jié)要求學(xué)生大聲朗讀課文,在小組中討論不明白的問(wèn)題。教師巡視,及時(shí)提供幫助,進(jìn)一步解決遺留的問(wèn)題。要求學(xué)生進(jìn)行美文賞讀,找出自己喜歡的句子,有感情的大聲朗讀,為寫(xiě)作奠定基礎(chǔ)。
三、課內(nèi)閱讀,課外拓展
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)能力的發(fā)展最終必須超越課堂,超越課本。向?qū)W生推薦相關(guān)的課外閱讀材料,以開(kāi)拓他們的視野,提高他們的閱讀能力。課外閱讀是學(xué)生自己閱讀,但這不等于教師可以撒手不管,放任自流,在讀物選擇、閱讀方法等方面,教師應(yīng)給予指導(dǎo),做到有布置、有指導(dǎo)、有檢查。
1.精選閱讀材料,培養(yǎng)閱讀興趣
(1)閱讀材料的推薦原則。一是要讓學(xué)生明確課內(nèi)與課外的關(guān)系:課外閱讀是課內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)的延伸,是課內(nèi)知識(shí)的有效補(bǔ)充和促進(jìn),二者相輔相成,相得益彰。二是培養(yǎng)興趣。作為教材延伸形式出現(xiàn)的課外閱讀,體裁要多樣化,要講求趣味性和時(shí)效性。三是材料的難度要適中,由淺入深,逐步升級(jí);生詞不宜太多,篇幅不可太長(zhǎng)。如果生詞太多,看一句要查好幾次詞典,就難以把主要精力用在理解文章的內(nèi)容上,閱讀的效果就大打折扣了。
(2)閱讀材料的推薦以短小精悍、幽默有趣為主。如在《英語(yǔ)閱讀與寫(xiě)作》(初一年級(jí))中有一系列豐富生動(dòng)、幽默有趣并涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、天文、航天、地理、文學(xué)、歷史、風(fēng)土人情等方面的閱讀材料,不僅使學(xué)生重溫了經(jīng)典兒童故事,而且享受到了閱讀的快樂(lè)。Little Red Coat,The Sleeping Princess,The Frog Prince,Popeye the Sailor,等都受到了初一年級(jí)學(xué)生的喜愛(ài),很多學(xué)生將這些讀過(guò)的小故事排練成短劇,利用英語(yǔ)角的時(shí)間進(jìn)行演出,深受師生稱(chēng)贊。
2.做好讀后活動(dòng),推動(dòng)課外閱讀
(1)建立閱讀檔案。筆者設(shè)計(jì)了一張閱讀反饋表(如下圖),要求學(xué)生將平時(shí)閱讀過(guò)的精品及閱讀情況進(jìn)行整理和記錄,并放入自己的學(xué)習(xí)檔案中。教師通過(guò)檢查閱讀反饋表進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀技巧,幫助學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)找主題句和關(guān)鍵詞,學(xué)會(huì)歸納文章中心思想,督促學(xué)生掌握方法,形成善于歸納積累的好習(xí)慣。
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(2)質(zhì)疑問(wèn)難。學(xué)生在閱讀過(guò)程中難免會(huì)遇到疑難點(diǎn),可讓學(xué)生隨時(shí)進(jìn)行記錄。在閱讀質(zhì)疑課上,每個(gè)學(xué)生都可亮出自己的疑點(diǎn),和其他同學(xué)討論、探究,解決問(wèn)題。在學(xué)生無(wú)法解答時(shí),教師參與討論,和學(xué)生共同探究,教學(xué)相長(zhǎng)。
(3)引導(dǎo)思考。不少文學(xué)作品的結(jié)尾總是意味深長(zhǎng),留給讀者豐富的想象、思考空間。這樣的作品也是很好的課程資源,教師應(yīng)及時(shí)抓住契機(jī),讓學(xué)生插上想象的翅膀,去探索作品留下的悠遠(yuǎn)的回味空間,讓學(xué)生在創(chuàng)造性想象中提高自己的綜合能力。
(4)群英爭(zhēng)鋒。閱讀前,學(xué)生自由分組,并根據(jù)共同喜好和特點(diǎn)為本組命名,如“天使組合”“英豪小隊(duì)”“智慧之星”、“快樂(lè)精英”,等等。以小組為單位進(jìn)行分項(xiàng)閱讀,讀后各組集思廣益,出一份題(包括搶答題、必答題、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)題、拔高題),交給老師,由老師擇優(yōu)錄取,形成競(jìng)賽題目。接著,每組推出四名代表,其余同學(xué)組成“智囊團(tuán)”,必要時(shí)為代表獻(xiàn)計(jì)獻(xiàn)策。準(zhǔn)備工作做好后,教師做裁判,班長(zhǎng)做主持人,舉辦“閱讀知識(shí)大賽”,讓各組同學(xué)一展風(fēng)采。通過(guò)活動(dòng),不但加深了學(xué)生對(duì)閱讀內(nèi)容的理解與體驗(yàn),而且提高了學(xué)生的反應(yīng)能力,并讓更多的學(xué)生參與閱讀學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng),落實(shí)了素質(zhì)教育要面向全體的要求。
關(guān)鍵詞:初中英語(yǔ);詞匯教學(xué);鞏固
在知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代,英語(yǔ)作為一門(mén)語(yǔ)言有著越來(lái)越重要的地位,詞匯是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)和重要組成部分,沒(méi)有詞匯,語(yǔ)言也就失去了意義,詞匯量不夠豐富就不能進(jìn)行有效的語(yǔ)言交際。當(dāng)前,初中英語(yǔ)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)學(xué)生詞匯量的掌握有了更高的要求,教師必須重視詞匯教學(xué)的重要性,采取高效的教學(xué)方法,幫助學(xué)生掌握詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的方法,成為每個(gè)初中英語(yǔ)教師的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)。
一、初中英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)存在的現(xiàn)狀
1.對(duì)詞匯教學(xué)重視不夠
很多教師和學(xué)生的教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí)觀念存在問(wèn)題,只是為了考試而教或?qū)W,初中或中考更重視閱讀理解、完形填空等綜合能力的考查,對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)詞匯付出的精力和時(shí)間不夠。
2.教師的詞匯教學(xué)方法單一
一般是“領(lǐng)讀—講解—記憶—聽(tīng)寫(xiě)”的過(guò)程,學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中處于被動(dòng)狀態(tài),教師往往重結(jié)果輕過(guò)程,在講解過(guò)程中傾向詞匯的字面意義,很少提及詞匯的文化內(nèi)涵,導(dǎo)致學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯的本義和具體意義理解不透徹,不能靈活運(yùn)用詞匯,久而久之學(xué)生就會(huì)感到厭煩,甚至產(chǎn)生放棄學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的情緒。
二、提高初中英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)有效性的策略
1.導(dǎo)入游戲,提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的興趣
游戲化教學(xué)正符合初中生的心理和生理特點(diǎn),能有效營(yíng)造課堂氣氛,提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。如,在講Color一單元時(shí),教師可以將一些帶有顏色的卡片發(fā)給學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生分組進(jìn)行,當(dāng)教師說(shuō)purple時(shí),拿有紫色卡片的學(xué)生出列,沒(méi)有卡片的學(xué)生讀出purple,并拼出其寫(xiě)法。blue,red,green,yellow,pink,black等,依次進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,回答錯(cuò)誤的學(xué)生出局。將游戲引入詞匯教學(xué),可以使全體學(xué)生參與進(jìn)來(lái),使學(xué)生成為學(xué)習(xí)的主體,在很大程度上促進(jìn)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性,有效地活躍課堂氣氛,師生關(guān)系也變得融洽,從而能有效提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量。
2.巧用構(gòu)詞法,教會(huì)學(xué)生記單詞的規(guī)律
構(gòu)詞法對(duì)教材中的一些相關(guān)板塊有重要作用,牛津版初中英語(yǔ)初二下冊(cè)Unit 2添加ful或less把名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞,如harm-harmless-harmful;Unit 5在動(dòng)詞或形容ment,ness,io變?yōu)槊~,如agree-agreement,invent-invention,ill-illness;Unit 6中有合成詞的構(gòu)成,如class+room構(gòu)成classroom,fund+raising構(gòu)成fund-raising等。另外,構(gòu)詞法還有派生法、轉(zhuǎn)換法和合成法等,如表示方位的名詞加上后綴ern就變?yōu)樾稳菰~,north+ern變?yōu)閚orthern,south+ern變?yōu)閟outhern,動(dòng)詞加上er變?yōu)槊~,program+er=programmer,design+er=designer,形容詞加上詞綴ly就變?yōu)楦痹~,如recent+ly=recently,這些是派生構(gòu)詞法。轉(zhuǎn)換法主要是針對(duì)同一詞的不同詞性來(lái)說(shuō)的,如tie作為名詞就是領(lǐng)帶的意思,動(dòng)詞就是捆綁的意思,open作為動(dòng)詞是打開(kāi)的意思,其形容詞解釋為開(kāi)闊的;合成法是用兩個(gè)單詞合為一個(gè)新單詞的方法,如post+man=postman。教師要教會(huì)學(xué)生靈活運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法,學(xué)會(huì)單詞的詞形變換,找出單詞之間的聯(lián)系,能夠舉一反三,形成系統(tǒng)的詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)。
3.加強(qiáng)復(fù)習(xí)鞏固
學(xué)習(xí)詞匯,教師只是起到引導(dǎo)的作用,關(guān)鍵還是要看學(xué)生自身的努力情況,中學(xué)生學(xué)得快、忘得也快,對(duì)于大量的詞匯如果不及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)鞏固,學(xué)生會(huì)很容易就忘掉,不能達(dá)到真正掌握的效果。教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生課下自行復(fù)習(xí)。比如,讓學(xué)生舉辦英語(yǔ)角、制作英語(yǔ)小報(bào)、學(xué)唱英文歌等充滿(mǎn)樂(lè)趣的方式來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)所學(xué)單詞。另外,學(xué)習(xí)單詞,記憶是非常關(guān)鍵的,教師可以教學(xué)生一些記憶的方法,如卡片記憶、構(gòu)詞記憶、圖表記憶、分類(lèi)記憶、理解記憶、同義或反義記憶等,通過(guò)各種方法能有效地幫助學(xué)生提高學(xué)習(xí)單詞的效率。
關(guān)鍵詞:信息技術(shù) 英語(yǔ)教學(xué) 整合 應(yīng)用
義務(wù)教育《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中指出:“合理開(kāi)發(fā)和利用課程資源是有效實(shí)施英語(yǔ)課程的重要保證。英語(yǔ)課程資源包括英語(yǔ)教材以及有利于發(fā)展學(xué)生綜合語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力的其他教學(xué)材料、支持系統(tǒng)和教學(xué)環(huán)境等,如音像資料、直觀教具和實(shí)物、多媒體軟件、廣播影視節(jié)目、網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源、報(bào)紙雜志以及圖書(shū)館、班級(jí)、學(xué)校教學(xué)設(shè)施和教學(xué)環(huán)境創(chuàng)設(shè)等等。”反觀我們的課堂教學(xué),學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)方式往往是死記硬背,表現(xiàn)出極大的厭煩情緒,教材上的材料以及不能滿(mǎn)足學(xué)生的好奇心和求知欲。
信息技術(shù)豐富多彩,教育理論也需要以實(shí)踐為依托,需要我們一線(xiàn)教師在每節(jié)課的教學(xué)中不斷的研究、實(shí)踐、反思、創(chuàng)新。下面我就英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的課型和師生自身的資源開(kāi)發(fā)談?wù)勎以谛抡n標(biāo)下實(shí)現(xiàn)信息技術(shù)與英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的有機(jī)整合的一些想法:
一、信息技術(shù)在聽(tīng)說(shuō)課中的應(yīng)用
(一)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)一直是教師需要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題,在教學(xué)中教師可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用“點(diǎn)讀筆”糾正自己的發(fā)音。利用“點(diǎn)讀筆”的錄音功能,讓學(xué)生模擬發(fā)音,并把自己的話(huà)錄下來(lái),這樣學(xué)生可以通過(guò)文件播放自己的聲音,了解自己的語(yǔ)調(diào)和發(fā)音情況。
(二)外研版教材每個(gè)模塊的第一單元都是以對(duì)話(huà)為主的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,每個(gè)對(duì)話(huà)都有一個(gè)與實(shí)際相聯(lián)系的情境。教師可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生練習(xí)動(dòng)畫(huà)配音。在教學(xué)配套光盤(pán)中都有每個(gè)模塊對(duì)話(huà)的動(dòng)畫(huà)版,其中可以選擇有字幕和無(wú)字幕,還可選擇靜音模式。切換到靜音模式,我們就可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生練習(xí)配音了。還可以搞個(gè)小組評(píng)比,來(lái)激發(fā)學(xué)生的配音熱情。
二、信息技術(shù)在閱讀課中的應(yīng)用
(一)閱讀課中,與話(huà)題相關(guān)的生詞有時(shí)會(huì)成為閱讀的障礙,教師可以利用圖片將生詞與畫(huà)面結(jié)合,方便學(xué)生識(shí)記。制作課件將生詞與圖片連線(xiàn),或說(shuō)出更多的相關(guān)單詞,以便為模塊任務(wù)服務(wù)。
(二)在課堂教學(xué)中,對(duì)于英語(yǔ)教材中的閱讀教學(xué),傳統(tǒng)上通常采用三步式閱讀模式,即Pre- reading(讀前滲透),While- reading(閱讀中理解),以及Post- reading(讀后的反饋思考)。在閱讀方法上采用略讀、細(xì)讀以及精讀等方式,這些閱讀方式的訓(xùn)練,雖可對(duì)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行表層理解和深層挖掘,但是課堂氣氛以及教學(xué)手段難免有些沉悶和枯燥,不利于調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的積極性,很難把所有學(xué)生的注意力集中到課堂閱讀中來(lái)。這時(shí),如果充分的利用信息技術(shù)中的多媒體教學(xué)材料,就會(huì)把抽象枯燥的文字生動(dòng)化,加深學(xué)生對(duì)于背景知識(shí)和相關(guān)信息的了解,對(duì)于英語(yǔ)閱讀起到一定的輔助作用。
三、信息技術(shù)在寫(xiě)作課中的應(yīng)用
(一)教過(guò)初三的老師都清楚學(xué)生的書(shū)寫(xiě)至關(guān)重要,教師應(yīng)力爭(zhēng)在書(shū)面表達(dá)上不讓學(xué)生丟失卷面分。書(shū)法不好有很大程度上是因?yàn)楣P順不正確,為此我們可以在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上找到相關(guān)Flash,在優(yōu)美的畫(huà)面上顯示要學(xué)的字母,并將字母的筆畫(huà)、筆順這一教學(xué)過(guò)程動(dòng)態(tài)完整地展現(xiàn)出來(lái);或分段展示,讓學(xué)生先猜一猜即將出現(xiàn)的是什么字母,這樣更能激起學(xué)生的興趣,記憶也就更深。
(二)學(xué)生在習(xí)作中有時(shí)不注意一些語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,比如動(dòng)詞的單三形式或者單詞的單復(fù)數(shù)等等。這些看似簡(jiǎn)單,可是有些基礎(chǔ)差的學(xué)生寫(xiě)寫(xiě)就忘了。為了改正這個(gè)毛病,教師可以利用課余時(shí)間給學(xué)生播放《著迷英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》等相關(guān)影音材料里的語(yǔ)法動(dòng)畫(huà),通過(guò)這種豐富多彩的知識(shí)表達(dá)形式,使學(xué)生從而輕松地掌握了更多的語(yǔ)法知識(shí),還可以利用課件開(kāi)發(fā)例如“找別扭”之類(lèi)游戲,給學(xué)生展示有錯(cuò)誤的書(shū)面表達(dá)材料,讓學(xué)生自己發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,看看誰(shuí)找的多找得準(zhǔn)。
(三)實(shí)物展臺(tái)是寫(xiě)作課中用處最大的信息技術(shù)設(shè)備,教師在課堂上給學(xué)生出題目,學(xué)生限時(shí)完成書(shū)面表達(dá),之后把作品展示在實(shí)物展臺(tái)上,全班共同分析寫(xiě)作思路和句子的邏輯性,并讓學(xué)生給出適當(dāng)?shù)姆謹(jǐn)?shù)。當(dāng)學(xué)生會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)書(shū)面表達(dá)的檔次時(shí),相信他也會(huì)寫(xiě)好自己的文章。
四、信息技術(shù)在復(fù)習(xí)課中的應(yīng)用
(一)復(fù)習(xí)課的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)部分量比較大,如果老師在黑板上板書(shū)會(huì)浪費(fèi)很多時(shí)間,而且是復(fù)習(xí)課,知識(shí)學(xué)生已經(jīng)會(huì)了,再板書(shū)會(huì)產(chǎn)生無(wú)效勞動(dòng)。教師可以借助教學(xué)軟件,引領(lǐng)學(xué)生回顧。
(二)復(fù)習(xí)課要將知識(shí)點(diǎn)和各種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象以及話(huà)題任務(wù)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析和歸類(lèi),如果教師能把知識(shí)做成圖表或者思維導(dǎo)圖的形式展示在課件上會(huì)讓學(xué)生思路非常清晰,起到事半功倍的效果。
(三)復(fù)習(xí)課需要大量的閱讀練習(xí)材料,教師可以借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)下載一些閱讀材料,擴(kuò)展學(xué)生閱讀量,提高學(xué)生閱讀、認(rèn)知、理解能力。教師可登陸類(lèi)似21世紀(jì)報(bào)等網(wǎng)站下載有關(guān)資料。在網(wǎng)站上刊登的文章會(huì)注明適合哪個(gè)年級(jí)的學(xué)生閱讀,教師可以有針對(duì)性的進(jìn)行選擇。每期閱讀文章都能在網(wǎng)站上下載到語(yǔ)音文件,教師還可以根據(jù)需要將簡(jiǎn)單的閱讀題改編為聽(tīng)力理解題,提高復(fù)習(xí)課效率。
五、信息技術(shù)在開(kāi)發(fā)教師資源中的應(yīng)用
教師自身可以借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集和整理相關(guān)課題的資料作為教材課題的拓展學(xué)習(xí)資源,可以通過(guò)閱讀討論文本、觀看網(wǎng)絡(luò)教學(xué)視頻等形式進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),擴(kuò)充自己教學(xué)策略,優(yōu)化課堂教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì),開(kāi)拓視野,開(kāi)闊思路,在教學(xué)中不斷創(chuàng)新。
六、信息技術(shù)在開(kāi)發(fā)學(xué)生資源中的應(yīng)用
(一)促進(jìn)學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的預(yù)習(xí)習(xí)慣。如講到初二下冊(cè)module9 Heroes這個(gè)模塊時(shí),提前讓學(xué)生結(jié)合書(shū)中教材內(nèi)容搜集有關(guān)白求恩的資料,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生在課上用自己的語(yǔ)言表述出來(lái),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的分析整理能力,還可以讓學(xué)生收集更多的名人和偉人資料,在小組中介紹自己最崇拜的人。信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)為學(xué)生提供了一個(gè)無(wú)限的資源庫(kù),讓提前預(yù)習(xí)有所準(zhǔn)備的學(xué)生在課堂上有話(huà)可說(shuō),使學(xué)生能更好的參與到課堂活動(dòng)中。
(二)提高學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。教師可指導(dǎo)學(xué)生借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)報(bào)刊、電子圖書(shū)等擴(kuò)展閱讀量,使用詞霸搜索生詞的發(fā)音、語(yǔ)義和用法,使網(wǎng)絡(luò)成為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的工具,為終身學(xué)習(xí)打下基礎(chǔ)。
(三)激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣,在學(xué)中玩,玩中學(xué)。介紹一些英語(yǔ)方面的小游戲,也有利于學(xué)生健康上網(wǎng)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]中華人民共和國(guó)教育部.《義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》2011年版.北京.北京師范大學(xué)出版社. 2012.
[2]何克抗 .《教育技術(shù)水平考試輔導(dǎo)教程》.北京. 高等教育出版社 .2007.
關(guān)鍵詞:高效;導(dǎo)入;交流;互動(dòng);多媒體;拿來(lái)主義;反思;總結(jié)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G632 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:B 文章編號(hào):1002-7661(2016)07-297-01
一、新課導(dǎo)入巧設(shè)計(jì)
“興趣是最好的老師”,在英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中,如何尋找學(xué)生的興奮點(diǎn),激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣是保證高效課堂順利開(kāi)展的關(guān)鍵。Well begun is half done(好的開(kāi)端等于成功的一半),在英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中,好的導(dǎo)入方法就顯得尤為重要。英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)也是如此。導(dǎo)入是新課的warm―up(熱身),能否在課堂開(kāi)始的短短幾分鐘就能吊起學(xué)生主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)的“胃口”,進(jìn)入“我要學(xué)”的良好學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài),將直接影響一節(jié)課的成敗。因此,我很重視新課的導(dǎo)入,巧設(shè)懸念,牢牢抓住學(xué)生的注意力,以期收到事半功倍的效果。常見(jiàn)的導(dǎo)入方法有:動(dòng)畫(huà)導(dǎo)入法,動(dòng)畫(huà)導(dǎo)入生動(dòng)活潑,能迅速集中學(xué)生的注意力;歌曲或音樂(lè)導(dǎo)入法,歌曲或音樂(lè)能減少學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言的陌生感,激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,比如學(xué)習(xí)初二下冊(cè)Module 4 ,主要講if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,我就引入了If you are happy and you know it, clap your hands。這首輕松愉快的歌曲導(dǎo)入本模塊話(huà)題,收到了良好的效果;另外還有實(shí)物導(dǎo)入法、游戲?qū)敕ā⑶榫皩?dǎo)入法、頭腦風(fēng)暴導(dǎo)入法等等。我們可以根據(jù)課堂需要,運(yùn)用不同的導(dǎo)入法開(kāi)始授課。
二、運(yùn)用“交流一互動(dòng)”教學(xué)模式進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué),提高教學(xué)效率
1、引入小組討論的課堂教學(xué)模式,提高課堂效率
小組討論是“交流一互動(dòng)”的主體,教師應(yīng)改變過(guò)去領(lǐng)著學(xué)生分析課文的傳統(tǒng)模式,通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)一項(xiàng)任務(wù)或問(wèn)題,讓學(xué)生在一種真實(shí)、復(fù)雜、具有挑戰(zhàn)性的開(kāi)放的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境與問(wèn)題情境中,成為學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的主人。小組一般由4人(優(yōu)等生1人,中等生2人,差生1人)程度各異的學(xué)生組成,通過(guò)小組的合作學(xué)習(xí),就解決了老師需大量講解也很難讓學(xué)生理解掌握的內(nèi)容,學(xué)生通過(guò)激烈的思想碰撞,相互建立了自信心和強(qiáng)烈的興趣,討論后讓小組派代表講解討論結(jié)果,老師做適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)充和說(shuō)明,這樣就抓住了學(xué)生的薄弱點(diǎn)、遺漏點(diǎn),大大的提高了學(xué)習(xí)效率。在教學(xué)中教師不要輕易地給學(xué)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案,而是設(shè)法引導(dǎo),讓他們自己做出正確或接近正確的答案。通過(guò)學(xué)生自行討論,組內(nèi)同學(xué)相互學(xué)習(xí),團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作,達(dá)到共同學(xué)習(xí)共同提高的目的。
2、評(píng)價(jià)方式多元化,提高課堂效率
在組與組之間交流后,教師按一定的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)各個(gè)學(xué)生進(jìn)行全面、客觀、準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)價(jià)。而課內(nèi)練習(xí)是學(xué)生鞏固知識(shí)的必要環(huán)節(jié),也是檢測(cè)教學(xué)效果的有效手段,教師及時(shí)運(yùn)用預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)好的練習(xí)題,從知識(shí)的不同層次、不同側(cè)面讓學(xué)生練習(xí)測(cè)試。在學(xué)生自練的基礎(chǔ)上,讓其互評(píng)、互議、互批、互改,對(duì)其中出現(xiàn)的代表性問(wèn)題,教師也不急于講解,而是采取全班講座的形式,通過(guò)學(xué)生互評(píng)、師生互評(píng)等手段來(lái)解決。對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)較差的學(xué)生,教師更應(yīng)從其參與態(tài)度是否積極,書(shū)寫(xiě)是否認(rèn)真等方面給予及時(shí)表?yè)P(yáng)和鼓勵(lì)。這樣做能讓小組每位成員參與活動(dòng),實(shí)現(xiàn)真實(shí)互動(dòng),而非流于形式。
“交流一互動(dòng)”教學(xué)采用當(dāng)堂檢測(cè)教學(xué)效果的方法,反饋迅速,校正有效,有利于提高英語(yǔ)教學(xué)質(zhì)量。
三、突出語(yǔ)言重點(diǎn),彰顯課堂精講
教師的課堂講述一定要做到精準(zhǔn),集時(shí)間優(yōu)勢(shì),重點(diǎn)突破課堂中要求必須突破的疑點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)、要點(diǎn)和考點(diǎn)。這無(wú)疑有賴(lài)于教師本人課前的精心準(zhǔn)備,包括對(duì)需要評(píng)講題目的反復(fù)構(gòu)思和有效篩選。同時(shí),教師在課內(nèi)能否實(shí)現(xiàn)精講要求,在很大程度上將取決于學(xué)生的實(shí)際接受水平,這就要求課堂要回歸到以生為本。我們的教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)也要以學(xué)生為主體充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性和能動(dòng)性。
四、讓多媒體融進(jìn)英語(yǔ)課堂
使用多媒體技術(shù)來(lái)輔助英語(yǔ)教學(xué)可以為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造生動(dòng)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,提高學(xué)生聽(tīng)、說(shuō)和讀的能力,使英語(yǔ)課堂變得“活”起來(lái),從而有助于取得最佳的教學(xué)效果。在現(xiàn)代的教育中以多媒體為核心的教育技術(shù)已經(jīng)在學(xué)校中進(jìn)行普及和應(yīng)用,同時(shí)也是提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量的重要保證。此外,用多媒體課件上課時(shí),能營(yíng)造出一種輕松愉悅的氣氛。充分利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源,調(diào)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的資料庫(kù),充分發(fā)揮現(xiàn)代教育技術(shù)在教學(xué)中的“適度作用”。運(yùn)用多媒體技術(shù)在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中所體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的優(yōu)勢(shì),來(lái)提高學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的興趣,從而有助于提高課堂效率。
五、處理好用教材教還是教教材的關(guān)系
教材是我們教學(xué)的工具,在平時(shí)教學(xué)中我們要大膽取舍,整合教材,初中英語(yǔ)教材整合,就是教師根據(jù)自己的教學(xué)實(shí)際,針對(duì)學(xué)生接受知識(shí)的實(shí)際能力,把英語(yǔ)每個(gè)模塊及各單元的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)加以重新整合使用。不管是外研版還是冀教版,只要有相似話(huà)題的內(nèi)容,都可以放到一起。外研版教學(xué)內(nèi)容多,教師可按實(shí)際所需刪除一些不必要的活動(dòng)。只要是符合大綱要求的,不管哪個(gè)版本的教材,我們都可以采取“拿來(lái)主義”。
六、及時(shí)進(jìn)行課后反思,加強(qiáng)教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)
【關(guān)鍵詞】英語(yǔ)教學(xué)活動(dòng) 有效途徑 課堂設(shè)計(jì) 創(chuàng)新 策略
開(kāi)展英語(yǔ)教學(xué)活動(dòng)必須以學(xué)生為中心,以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力為目標(biāo),因而教師應(yīng)精心設(shè)計(jì)并組織和開(kāi)展形式多樣的課內(nèi)外英語(yǔ)教學(xué)活動(dòng)。同時(shí)我們還應(yīng)努力激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的熱情,了解并幫助學(xué)生建立良好的學(xué)習(xí)策略,因而初中英語(yǔ)課堂活動(dòng)要具有實(shí)用性、真實(shí)性、創(chuàng)新性和針對(duì)性。結(jié)合多年的初中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),本人淺談以下幾個(gè)方面與大家共享。
一、創(chuàng)設(shè)多元化的心理環(huán)境,形成寬松和諧的師生關(guān)系,利于以點(diǎn)到面,從面到點(diǎn),調(diào)動(dòng)全班每一個(gè)學(xué)生參與活動(dòng)的欲望和積極性,充分參與活動(dòng)。
案例:這是一節(jié)句型操練課,教學(xué)內(nèi)容為《英語(yǔ)(新課標(biāo))》(Go for it!)七年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit3 SectionA的內(nèi)容。要求學(xué)生掌握家庭成員的詞組,并學(xué)會(huì)介紹家人。本人用了十分鐘的時(shí)間導(dǎo)入新課,突出了新課的重點(diǎn),全班每位同學(xué)對(duì)新知識(shí)有了明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。緊接著設(shè)計(jì)了十分鐘的鞏固訓(xùn)練。先由教師將本課重點(diǎn)句型、習(xí)語(yǔ)作為操練內(nèi)容傳遞給第一排第一個(gè)學(xué)生,該學(xué)生即向本行的下一個(gè)學(xué)生傳遞,消息很快傳向四面八方,從前排依次向后,從左行依次向右,再由中間向四周發(fā)散,最后一排或一行的學(xué)生反饋他所收到的信息。聲浪此起彼伏,緊湊有序;學(xué)生個(gè)個(gè)躍躍欲試,情緒激昂,儼然是一場(chǎng)小型音樂(lè)會(huì)。教師就好像是樂(lè)隊(duì)指揮,學(xué)生全身心投入,沉浸在優(yōu)美的樂(lè)曲和互動(dòng)交流之中。
分析:英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)離不開(kāi)詞匯、習(xí)語(yǔ)和主要句型的記憶。常用的背誦方法顯得單調(diào)、呆板、沒(méi)有活力,容易使學(xué)生厭倦,效果并不是很理想。因此,采用以“接力”操練,學(xué)生興趣倍增,人人參與,大大提高了學(xué)生的認(rèn)知效率,提高了興趣,活躍了課堂氣氛。尤其對(duì)于內(nèi)初班民族班的學(xué)生,由于他們長(zhǎng)期不出校園,生活相對(duì)單調(diào),隨機(jī)舉辦此類(lèi)“小型音樂(lè)會(huì)”,他們會(huì)收到以外的驚喜。激動(dòng)之余,還掌握了知識(shí),放松了身心。
二、對(duì)學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)薄弱的班級(jí),同時(shí)又面臨中考,短時(shí)間內(nèi)能迎頭趕上嗎? 本人承擔(dān)六十六中學(xué)區(qū)內(nèi)初中班民族班英語(yǔ)教學(xué)任務(wù),現(xiàn)所帶的兩個(gè)班是中途接任的班級(jí)。初一、初二的基礎(chǔ)不是很牢固,擺在我面前的是一個(gè)艱巨而有具有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務(wù),如何應(yīng)對(duì)?通過(guò)幾年的嘗試,我產(chǎn)生了一些體會(huì)與想法,現(xiàn)淺談如下:
1.配合班主任做學(xué)生的思想工作,提高班級(jí)的班風(fēng)和學(xué)風(fēng),從而奠定英語(yǔ)學(xué)科的地位和知名度,重視英語(yǔ)學(xué)科,更重要的是滲透學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)需要持久性和堅(jiān)忍不拔的毅力,幫助培養(yǎng)他們的意志品質(zhì)。如:剛接任2009屆初三(1)班的時(shí)候,該班是一個(gè)亂班,班級(jí)紀(jì)律松散,自信心嚴(yán)重缺乏,英語(yǔ)興趣幾乎為零。在班主任魏繼承老師的帶領(lǐng)下,我們?nèi)握n老師齊抓共管,相互配合,從不同的角度關(guān)愛(ài)學(xué)生,幫助學(xué)生,嚴(yán)格要求學(xué)生。本人利用課余時(shí)間和學(xué)生談理想,講道理,幫助學(xué)生重拾信心。通過(guò)三個(gè)月的共同努力,班級(jí)的面貌煥然一新,學(xué)生對(duì)文理科,強(qiáng)弱科能夠科學(xué)正確對(duì)待,樹(shù)立了強(qiáng)科穩(wěn)中有升,弱科加大力度,知難而進(jìn),決不氣餒。確有“明知山中有虎,偏要虎山行”的豪情壯志。學(xué)生一改往日應(yīng)付英語(yǔ)學(xué)科的為難情緒和漠然態(tài)度,毅然決然地接受挑戰(zhàn),努力拼搏,迎接中考。最后以升學(xué)率83%的優(yōu)異成績(jī)升入內(nèi)地高中班,其中本班薩力同學(xué)獲得了我校民考民第一名的好成績(jī)。
2. 針對(duì)基礎(chǔ)空缺或不扎實(shí)的現(xiàn)狀,重新整合三年的教材內(nèi)容。在初三新授階段補(bǔ)充初一、初二的遺漏知識(shí),并要盡力做到見(jiàn)縫插針,不留遺憾,補(bǔ)丁打得即美觀又結(jié)實(shí)。例如: 學(xué)習(xí)新課標(biāo)九年級(jí)〈Unit14〉Have you packed yet? 循環(huán)呈現(xiàn)重點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),恰好本知識(shí)點(diǎn)第一次出現(xiàn)在初二下冊(cè)Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park?中真是千載難逢的好時(shí)機(jī),本人便將現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)完整地由淺入深地教授給學(xué)生,收到了良好的效果,教研中心盧萍老師指導(dǎo)聽(tīng)課,給予高度的評(píng)價(jià)。
3.在基礎(chǔ)薄弱的班級(jí)另辟新徑,填補(bǔ)空缺,提高詞匯教學(xué)的容量和質(zhì)量。如:每接一個(gè)新班時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生的單詞記憶和詞匯運(yùn)用存在一定的問(wèn)題,本人便產(chǎn)生了很多顧慮和擔(dān)憂(yōu): 依據(jù)學(xué)生現(xiàn)有知是按部就班地教下去,還是大膽地進(jìn)行改革嘗試,加大容量,放快速度追趕其他教學(xué)班?因?yàn)闀r(shí)間緊,任務(wù)重,本人當(dāng)時(shí)處于進(jìn)退兩難的境地,于是就聽(tīng)取同行老師們對(duì)課堂教學(xué)的建議,放下顧慮,大膽嘗試;在教學(xué)中邊講邊改,邊改邊學(xué),盡快拉近老師與同學(xué)的距離,縮短了磨合期和適應(yīng)期,順利地走上科學(xué)正確的軌道。
三、英語(yǔ)課堂上有效地駕馭學(xué)生,調(diào)節(jié)課堂氣氛,從而激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)熱情,能對(duì)教學(xué)效果起到事半功倍的效果。如:教授被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),由于本語(yǔ)法知識(shí)是初中階段的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),語(yǔ)法教學(xué)單調(diào)而枯燥。于是在課堂上,本人設(shè)置了一連串的頭腦風(fēng)暴式提問(wèn)。如:各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是如何構(gòu)成的等各種小問(wèn)題,連續(xù)提出來(lái),并出其不意地指名任何一個(gè)學(xué)生回答,每個(gè)學(xué)生就會(huì)立即緊張起來(lái),豎起耳朵,惟恐聽(tīng)不清老師的提問(wèn)。又如:本人在課堂上常用一個(gè)個(gè)充滿(mǎn)異國(guó)風(fēng)味,飽含激情的詞如“Excellent!” “Wonderful”、“Terrific”、“Fantastic” 等詞語(yǔ),伴隨著親切的目光和體態(tài)語(yǔ)與學(xué)生產(chǎn)生情感共鳴,引發(fā)學(xué)生的心靈震動(dòng),激發(fā)學(xué)生的成就感和自豪感,讓藝術(shù)的評(píng)價(jià)成功推進(jìn)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力,從而達(dá)到理想的調(diào)節(jié)效果.當(dāng)學(xué)生的回答不盡如人意,甚至是錯(cuò)誤時(shí),老師應(yīng)給予鼓勵(lì)的目光,并善于發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的情感態(tài)度。不能隨意批評(píng)學(xué)生,這樣會(huì)增大師生之間的心理差距,從而使學(xué)生產(chǎn)生消極情緒。比如: “It doesn't matter. I’m sure you would do better next time.”糾正該學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤并給予鼓勵(lì);用“You’re diligent”贊美學(xué)生付出的辛勤勞動(dòng),用“Good job in cooperation with others.” 表?yè)P(yáng)學(xué)生良好的合作學(xué)習(xí)方式,用“ You’re creative” 贊賞學(xué)生具有創(chuàng)造性或獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的見(jiàn)解,還有“Your handwriting is very beautiful! You have a good head for English .You work hard enough..You’re very gifted” 等等。這樣的評(píng)價(jià)能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在受挫時(shí)歸因于自己未盡全力,從而嘗試以加倍的努力去戰(zhàn)勝困難,爭(zhēng)取下次做得更好,還有利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生頑強(qiáng)的意志和勇于接受挑戰(zhàn)的心人格的塑造。
四、英語(yǔ)教學(xué)魅力――“半句話(huà)”效應(yīng)。在英語(yǔ)課上,我們教師應(yīng)該做到話(huà)到嘴邊留半句,不要什么都由你來(lái)說(shuō),教師要啟發(fā)學(xué)生,讓學(xué)生的腦細(xì)胞真正的動(dòng)起來(lái),為了回答你的問(wèn)題去思考,這樣他們才能感到有興趣,如果他們說(shuō)對(duì)了,會(huì)有一種強(qiáng)烈成功感和自豪感,就不會(huì)再感到上英語(yǔ)課難熬了。那么,如何做到“留半句”呢?
1.課文翻譯,留半句。講解課文和對(duì)話(huà)的時(shí)候,可以直接找同學(xué)翻譯。如果文章較難,教師可以說(shuō)前半句,后半句學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)。他們的注意力便會(huì)跟著你走,跟著文章段落走,從而做到真正獨(dú)立思考。
2.寫(xiě)句子,留半句。舉例子說(shuō)明知識(shí)點(diǎn)用法是,教師可把次要的詞語(yǔ)寫(xiě)出來(lái),留下幾個(gè)空,讓同學(xué)們來(lái)填全,他們會(huì)全神貫注,雙眼緊盯黑板,大腦緊鑼密鼓,嘴里試著說(shuō)出想起來(lái)的詞匯或短語(yǔ)。這時(shí)候你會(huì)感到智慧的火花在碰撞。而且學(xué)生們更愿意展示自己的才能與智慧。
I’m sorry to hear that you are not feeling well.I think you should ……
3.知識(shí)點(diǎn),留半句。歸納總結(jié)知識(shí)點(diǎn)時(shí),教師要使學(xué)生的注意力高度集中,使大腦這部機(jī)器飛速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
如:老師:plan__________學(xué)生:to do__________老師:would like__________學(xué)生:to do 老師:It is important__________學(xué)生:to do something
4.填單詞,留半句。做練習(xí)時(shí)會(huì)遇上很多需要填寫(xiě)一個(gè)詞的時(shí)候,教師千萬(wàn)不要一切包辦代替。要讓學(xué)生自己想,實(shí)在想不起來(lái)了,教師再給出提示啟發(fā)他們。
如:Let’s make an invi__________(tation) for Teacher’s Day.
級(jí)別:部級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CJFD)
級(jí)別:省級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)優(yōu)秀期刊遴選數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
級(jí)別:省級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)優(yōu)秀期刊遴選數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
級(jí)別:省級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)優(yōu)秀期刊遴選數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
級(jí)別:省級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CJFD)