公務(wù)員期刊網(wǎng) 精選范文 教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告范文

教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告精選(九篇)

前言:一篇好文章的誕生,需要你不斷地搜集資料、整理思路,本站小編為你收集了豐富的教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告主題范文,僅供參考,歡迎閱讀并收藏。

教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告

第1篇:教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告范文

《學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、學(xué)會(huì)做人,加強(qiáng)心理健康教育》校本課程的開(kāi)發(fā),能彌補(bǔ)我們學(xué)校課程的不足,也能成為我校學(xué)生個(gè)性教育的載體,成為我校學(xué)生多元智能開(kāi)發(fā)的渠道,成為我們學(xué)校的一大特色和亮點(diǎn),具有較高的研究?jī)r(jià)值和深遠(yuǎn)意義。

二、研究與實(shí)踐過(guò)程

1.建立組織,明確責(zé)任

為了確保校本課程《學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、學(xué)會(huì)做人,加強(qiáng)心理健康教育》開(kāi)發(fā)工作扎實(shí)有效地開(kāi)展,我們成立了三個(gè)工作小組,即:以賈校長(zhǎng)、包書(shū)記、楊校長(zhǎng)為課題開(kāi)發(fā)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組,負(fù)責(zé)規(guī)劃、統(tǒng)籌、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、協(xié)調(diào)工作;由縣教研室主任王世一和科技局等相關(guān)部門(mén)組成的專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo)小組,負(fù)責(zé)校本課程開(kāi)發(fā)的政策調(diào)控和專(zhuān)業(yè)指導(dǎo)工作;以學(xué)校教務(wù)處和各年級(jí)組組成的課程開(kāi)發(fā)工作小組,負(fù)責(zé)課題指導(dǎo)、教師培訓(xùn)、課務(wù)管理、活動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)、意見(jiàn)反饋等工作,有力地保證了課題實(shí)驗(yàn)的順利進(jìn)行。

2.制訂方案,組織開(kāi)題

2009年初,課題組對(duì)學(xué)生的興趣、愛(ài)好,以及家長(zhǎng)、社會(huì)對(duì)教育的需求等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了調(diào)研,制訂了校本課程《學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、學(xué)會(huì)做人,加強(qiáng)心理健康教育》的開(kāi)發(fā)方案。方案主要將課程開(kāi)發(fā)與學(xué)生生活、心理健康、社會(huì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)密切結(jié)合,以學(xué)校和師生為主體,以學(xué)生的成才教育為課程開(kāi)發(fā)的具體內(nèi)容,凸顯我校教學(xué)的校本特色,促進(jìn)學(xué)生的成長(zhǎng)與發(fā)展。2009年3月,我們成功地進(jìn)行了校本課程《學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、學(xué)會(huì)做人,加強(qiáng)心理健康教育》的開(kāi)題儀式。

3.參觀學(xué)習(xí)

暑假期間組織骨干教師外出參觀學(xué)習(xí),借鑒外地校本課程開(kāi)發(fā)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),總結(jié)自己存在的問(wèn)題,不斷提高教師課程開(kāi)發(fā)的實(shí)踐能力。

4.經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流

組織校本課程開(kāi)發(fā)經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流會(huì),相互觀摩研討課,及時(shí)總結(jié)本校的校本課程開(kāi)發(fā)經(jīng)驗(yàn),通過(guò)??冻跨姟冯s志向全校教師推廣。

5.專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo),共同開(kāi)發(fā)

在校本課程的開(kāi)發(fā)初期,學(xué)校主動(dòng)尋求專(zhuān)家的指導(dǎo)與協(xié)助。2011年11月,我們把《學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、學(xué)會(huì)做人,加強(qiáng)心理健康教育》課題研究報(bào)告交給了中央教科所有關(guān)專(zhuān)家進(jìn)行指導(dǎo),專(zhuān)家高度評(píng)價(jià)了我校積極參與課改的精神,并提出許多寶貴的修訂意見(jiàn)。校本課程的開(kāi)發(fā)也吸引了許多家長(zhǎng)的參與,他們也提出了許多寶貴意見(jiàn),給予了我們很大的支持。

6.舉辦活動(dòng),保證質(zhì)量

以綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)為主,體現(xiàn)綜合性學(xué)習(xí)的特征,在開(kāi)展校外活動(dòng)時(shí),吸納家長(zhǎng)參與,培養(yǎng)家庭親情,多次舉辦學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)共同參與的“尊師敬長(zhǎng)我做小孝星”普通話演講會(huì),實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)校、家庭、社會(huì)共同參與校本課程開(kāi)發(fā)的目的,進(jìn)而形成學(xué)校的特色教育活動(dòng)。

7.兄弟學(xué)校共同開(kāi)發(fā)實(shí)施

2009年以來(lái),我們邀請(qǐng)了成縣二中、成縣三中、成縣沙壩初中、成縣支旗初中加盟參與《學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、學(xué)會(huì)做人,加強(qiáng)心理健康教育》課程的開(kāi)發(fā)實(shí)施,我們給成縣二中和成縣沙壩初中分別派去兩名骨干教師支教一年,去指導(dǎo)他們的課程開(kāi)發(fā)和具體實(shí)施工作,四所學(xué)校也派骨干教師來(lái)我校學(xué)習(xí)操作流程。幾年來(lái),這些學(xué)校在教育教學(xué)和學(xué)生成長(zhǎng)方面都有了很大的提升。

8.教師實(shí)踐校本課程開(kāi)發(fā)的親歷活動(dòng)

在《學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、學(xué)會(huì)做人,加強(qiáng)心理健康教育》校本課程的開(kāi)發(fā)工作中,多位教師主動(dòng)參與到研究中來(lái)。他們依據(jù)各自承擔(dān)的學(xué)科特長(zhǎng)施展才華,問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、制訂提綱、搜集資料、核實(shí)內(nèi)容、選擇改編、設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生活動(dòng),成為課程的設(shè)計(jì)者和研究者。在校本課程開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中,教師執(zhí)著追求,付出了大量心血,參與本課題研究的多位教師,犧牲了大量的課余和休息時(shí)間。

三、成果實(shí)踐效果

1.學(xué)生方面

就學(xué)生方面而言,在校本課程的開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中,學(xué)生積極參與實(shí)踐,不僅學(xué)會(huì)了學(xué)習(xí),也學(xué)會(huì)了如何做人,促進(jìn)了學(xué)生心理與個(gè)性健康和諧地發(fā)展,培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)精神和做人道德。近年來(lái),學(xué)生參加國(guó)家、省市各類(lèi)學(xué)科競(jìng)賽多人次獲得一、二、三等獎(jiǎng)和優(yōu)秀獎(jiǎng)。

2.教師方面

就教師而言,促進(jìn)了教師專(zhuān)業(yè)發(fā)展,校本課程《學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、學(xué)會(huì)做人,加強(qiáng)心理健康教育》的開(kāi)發(fā)本身就是一個(gè)教師參與科研的過(guò)程。課程開(kāi)發(fā)中,教師不僅要研究學(xué)校、學(xué)生,自己還要研究課程制度、課程理論、課程開(kāi)發(fā)方法,逐步加強(qiáng)了對(duì)學(xué)校的認(rèn)同意識(shí),提高了歸屬感。校本課程的開(kāi)發(fā),培養(yǎng)了教師之間的協(xié)作精神,拓寬了教師的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)化了教師的課程意識(shí),提高了課程開(kāi)發(fā)能力,教師專(zhuān)業(yè)又發(fā)展到了一個(gè)新的高度。2009年以來(lái),本課題組教師撰寫(xiě)的論文有多篇在國(guó)家和省市教育刊物上發(fā)表,多人獲省市縣優(yōu)質(zhì)課等級(jí)獎(jiǎng)。多位教師輔導(dǎo)的學(xué)生在參加全國(guó)各類(lèi)學(xué)科競(jìng)賽中多人獲獎(jiǎng),同時(shí),多位教師也獲得了優(yōu)秀指導(dǎo)獎(jiǎng)。

四、成果特色與創(chuàng)新

《學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、學(xué)會(huì)做人,加強(qiáng)心理健康教育》校本課程的開(kāi)發(fā),為學(xué)校、老師、學(xué)生的發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了新天地,同時(shí)也形成了我們學(xué)校自身的特色,有效地彌補(bǔ)了常規(guī)教學(xué)的不足,極大地提升了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)、道德素養(yǎng),有效地培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生熱愛(ài)學(xué)習(xí)、熱愛(ài)生活、學(xué)會(huì)做人、學(xué)會(huì)處事等方面的積極情感,具有其他課程無(wú)以替代的作用,滲透了我?!懊嫦蛏钣?,面向社會(huì)育才”的辦學(xué)理念,成為我校辦學(xué)的一大特色,受到了隴南市教育局領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和各界人士的充分肯定。鮮明的辦學(xué)特色又使我們學(xué)校具有旺盛的生命力和良好的社會(huì)聲譽(yù)。

第2篇:教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告范文

關(guān)鍵詞:心理學(xué) 中國(guó)化 途徑

中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化蘊(yùn)涵著豐富的心理學(xué)思想,理查德是最早將 《易經(jīng)》翻譯為外文的西方著名漢學(xué)家之一,在他看來(lái),西方心理學(xué)家對(duì)無(wú)意識(shí)研究的發(fā)現(xiàn),早就存在于中國(guó)古老的文化之中了。格式塔學(xué)派的頓悟說(shuō)也曾是中國(guó)古代道家修煉的精髓。再有孟子的“性善論”,荀子的“性惡論”,韓愈的“性與情的三品說(shuō)”。類(lèi)似的例子比比皆是。從京師大學(xué)堂在100多年前首次講授心理學(xué),幾代心理學(xué)家在該領(lǐng)域不懈耕耘,不僅積累了大量的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和研究發(fā)現(xiàn),而且不斷擴(kuò)展了心理學(xué)服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的范圍。然而,中國(guó)的心理學(xué)卻一直沒(méi)有改變跟隨,科學(xué)心理學(xué)卻也一直戴著“舶來(lái)品”的帽子。發(fā)展心理學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀大都停留在學(xué)習(xí)和模仿的階段。

這個(gè)從萊比錫大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室里出生的科學(xué)心理學(xué),要想使之真正在科學(xué)的行列站穩(wěn)腳跟,必須吸取東方文化神韻,進(jìn)行屬于中國(guó)人自己的心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),尋找真正屬于自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)常模,制造出符合中國(guó)特質(zhì)的心理學(xué)測(cè)驗(yàn)。受用于這個(gè)擁有世界五分之一人口的中國(guó),心理學(xué)才算真正科學(xué)化了。要想使心理學(xué)本土化,首先研究對(duì)象必須是黑眼睛、黃皮膚的中國(guó)人。研究發(fā)生在在中國(guó)大環(huán)境下的事件對(duì)當(dāng)前中國(guó)人心理發(fā)展的影響。

發(fā)展心理學(xué)的中國(guó)化要求我們,選擇中國(guó)人熟悉的概念,尋找適合中國(guó)人的心理工具,發(fā)展解釋中國(guó)人心理與行為的模式理論。以此來(lái)建構(gòu)中國(guó)心理學(xué)的理論體系。著名心理學(xué)家楊國(guó)樞先生說(shuō)過(guò):“發(fā)展心理學(xué),乃至整個(gè)心理學(xué)中國(guó)化的途徑是什么?我想用七個(gè)字來(lái)概括,這就是:攝取―選擇―中國(guó)化?!?/p>

第一個(gè)階段:攝取過(guò)程。眾所周知,西方心理學(xué)誕生于哲學(xué)懷抱,文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)后起源于歐洲的哲學(xué)心理學(xué)流派:理性主義、經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義、浪漫主義構(gòu)成了近代哲學(xué)心理學(xué)思想。正如艾賓浩斯說(shuō)過(guò);心理學(xué)有一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)去,卻有一個(gè)短暫的歷史。馮特結(jié)束了心理學(xué)的哲學(xué)時(shí)代,使心理學(xué)成為科學(xué)。開(kāi)創(chuàng)了個(gè)體心理學(xué)和民族心理學(xué)。理論的繼續(xù)發(fā)展就要求對(duì)心理現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行客觀研究。巴普洛夫的經(jīng)典型條件反射,斯金納的操作性條件反射,班杜拉的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)理論,模仿學(xué)習(xí)等等觀點(diǎn)壯大了當(dāng)時(shí)的行為主義。再加上后來(lái)的認(rèn)知主義的格式塔學(xué)派,心理學(xué)發(fā)展到后來(lái)的人本主義成為第三支勢(shì)力影響著整個(gè)心理學(xué)界。西方心理學(xué)派的博大精深,第一、二、三勢(shì)力的崛起構(gòu)成一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的心理學(xué)體系。所以在攝取階段我們應(yīng)該掌握西方心理學(xué)的各個(gè)理論流派以及理論流派背后的文化背景及其核心價(jià)值。掌握各個(gè)理論流派的研究?jī)?nèi)容,研究范圍,研究方法,研究思路,實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),理論意義,實(shí)踐應(yīng)用等方面。因?yàn)檫@些心理學(xué)派無(wú)論從其對(duì)對(duì)象、任務(wù)、范圍、方法以及從其規(guī)模和波及的領(lǐng)域來(lái)看,對(duì)心理研究的客觀推動(dòng)作用都是巨大的。它們都曾經(jīng)充當(dāng)過(guò)心理研究過(guò)程中的主角,代表過(guò)一個(gè)時(shí)期的心理學(xué)歷史發(fā)展的傾向,客觀地左右過(guò)心理學(xué)史的發(fā)展。

第二個(gè)階段:選擇階段。中華文明幾千年的燦爛文化當(dāng)中蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的心理學(xué)思想,為心理學(xué)在中國(guó)的發(fā)展奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ),心理學(xué)從西方引入中國(guó)也僅僅百年的時(shí)間,卻見(jiàn)證了中國(guó)心理學(xué)發(fā)展的起起落落。之前我國(guó)心理學(xué)的發(fā)展僅僅是照搬西方的,而1958年之后對(duì)心理學(xué)又是一種全盤(pán)否定的態(tài)度,以上這兩種做法都是不足取的。60年代心理學(xué)進(jìn)入了停滯期,之前照搬的心理學(xué)在此時(shí)被“砸爛”,再接下來(lái)的撥亂反正后開(kāi)始批判性的接受西方心理學(xué)的一些觀點(diǎn),使我國(guó)的心理學(xué)工作者看到了與西方國(guó)家在心理學(xué)上存在的差距。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著心理學(xué)在中國(guó)的發(fā)展,雖然中國(guó)心理學(xué)發(fā)展的步履艱難,但擁有良好的基礎(chǔ),同時(shí)我們也意識(shí)到心理學(xué)的中國(guó)化已經(jīng)迫在眉睫。所以要想在此基礎(chǔ)上更上一層樓,需要通過(guò)心理學(xué)的中國(guó)化,形成中國(guó)人自己的心理學(xué)方法和體系,是在中國(guó)國(guó)情切合的基礎(chǔ)上形成獨(dú)居中國(guó)特色的心理學(xué)理論體系和應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

第三個(gè)階段;中國(guó)化階段。就是在前兩個(gè)階段的基礎(chǔ)上,開(kāi)始研究中國(guó)人心理發(fā)展特有的、重要的現(xiàn)象,即揭示在中國(guó)文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治背景下心理發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)。1978年以來(lái),中國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)已舉辦了好多屆全國(guó)性的心理學(xué)大會(huì)。遞交的發(fā)展心理學(xué)方面的文章占了很大一部分。中國(guó)心理學(xué)界也主辦了兩個(gè)比較權(quán)威性的雜志《心理學(xué)報(bào)》和《心理科學(xué)》,他們都是綜合性的,同時(shí)刊載了心理學(xué)各個(gè)分支的論文和研究報(bào)告。種種現(xiàn)象都表明中國(guó)在心理學(xué)中國(guó)化道路上的探索從未止步。70年代末,李伯黍教授同他的合作者對(duì)中國(guó)特有的獨(dú)生子女心理發(fā)展特點(diǎn)的研究,對(duì)獨(dú)生子女心理及其家庭教育心理學(xué)問(wèn)題,展開(kāi)了一系列的研究。另一個(gè)有價(jià)值的課題是漢字和中文認(rèn)知發(fā)展的研究,這些認(rèn)知的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)研究,成為研究中國(guó)人認(rèn)知發(fā)展的特殊問(wèn)題,在世界各國(guó)語(yǔ)言中,中國(guó)語(yǔ)言文字所具有的特色,中國(guó)人掌握文字的特點(diǎn),中國(guó)文字對(duì)兒童青少年思想和行為的影響等問(wèn)題,是中國(guó)人比較特殊的心理現(xiàn)象。研究中國(guó)文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治背景下的各種心理發(fā)展的特點(diǎn),是發(fā)展心理學(xué)研究在中國(guó)化中的一個(gè)重要方面。在研究方法上也要有適合中國(guó)人自己的改造和創(chuàng)新。在朱志賢教授領(lǐng)先的課題組中,他們?cè)诎l(fā)展心理學(xué)的研究方法上的改進(jìn)和創(chuàng)新上下了功夫。他們堅(jiān)持正確的哲學(xué)方法論,堅(jiān)持正確的科學(xué)方法論,用系統(tǒng)那個(gè)的方法看待自己的研究問(wèn)題,而不是孤立的,以偏概全的解釋研究成果。他們大力改進(jìn)和設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展心理學(xué)的研究方法,使之適合于對(duì)中國(guó)人的研究。當(dāng)然最好的研究方法言不僅僅適合中國(guó)人自己,希望有朝一日能被外國(guó)心理學(xué)家采用。

要徹徹底底的是心理學(xué)中國(guó)化,這個(gè)任務(wù)任重而道遠(yuǎn),他需要一輩輩的心理學(xué)工作者不屑的努力、追求和研究。但是我們依然要提倡心理學(xué)的中國(guó)化,不僅僅服務(wù)于中國(guó)的廣大人民,還應(yīng)對(duì)世界心理學(xué)做出創(chuàng)新和貢獻(xiàn)。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]林崇德,發(fā)展心理學(xué).人民教育出版社[M].1995.

[2]林崇德 俞國(guó)良 心理學(xué)研究的中國(guó)化:過(guò)程和道路[J]

[3]小春 近二十年來(lái)中國(guó)發(fā)展心理學(xué)[J] 心理科學(xué)2001年第24卷第一期

第3篇:教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告范文

關(guān)鍵詞:建構(gòu)主義理論;高中數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué);課堂教學(xué)

1986年,在倫敦舉行的第十屆數(shù)學(xué)教育心理學(xué)會(huì)(PME-10)的分組會(huì)上,馮?格拉斯菲爾德(VonClasfield)等發(fā)表了題為“合成單位及構(gòu)成它們的運(yùn)算”的研究報(bào)告。然而引起人們普遍感興趣的是支持這一研究的理論框架――認(rèn)識(shí)建構(gòu)主義(Constructivism),自此以后,建構(gòu)主義成為繼“大眾數(shù)學(xué)”“問(wèn)題解決”之后國(guó)際數(shù)學(xué)教育界最熱門(mén)的話題之一。

一、建構(gòu)主義的先導(dǎo)

早在50至60年代,著名的日內(nèi)瓦學(xué)派創(chuàng)始人、認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家皮亞杰曾明確地提出了人的認(rèn)識(shí)并不是對(duì)外在的被動(dòng)的、簡(jiǎn)單的反映,而是一種以已有知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的主動(dòng)建構(gòu)活動(dòng)的觀點(diǎn)(認(rèn)識(shí)的建構(gòu)主義觀點(diǎn))。由于長(zhǎng)期在心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位的行為主義學(xué)派的巨大影響,使得建構(gòu)主義觀點(diǎn)在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)未得到應(yīng)有的重視。直到80年代以后隨著認(rèn)知心理學(xué)研究的不斷深入及其逐漸取代了行為主義的主導(dǎo)地位,才獲得人們普遍的重視。

皮亞杰的認(rèn)知理論的焦點(diǎn)是個(gè)體從出生到成年的認(rèn)知發(fā)展階段。他認(rèn)為認(rèn)知發(fā)展不是一種數(shù)量上簡(jiǎn)單累積的過(guò)程,而是認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)不斷重新建構(gòu)的過(guò)程。根據(jù)皮亞杰的觀點(diǎn),個(gè)體的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)是通過(guò)同化和順化而不斷發(fā)展,以適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境。個(gè)體每當(dāng)遇到新的刺激,總是把對(duì)象納入已有的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)之中(同化),若獲得成功,便得到暫時(shí)的平衡。如果已有的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)法容納新的對(duì)象,個(gè)體就必須對(duì)已有的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行變化以使其與環(huán)境相適應(yīng)(順化),直至達(dá)到認(rèn)識(shí)上的新的平衡。同化與順化之間的平衡過(guò)程,即認(rèn)識(shí)上的“適應(yīng)”是人類(lèi)思維的本質(zhì)所在。

二、建構(gòu)主義的數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)觀

建構(gòu)主義認(rèn)為:人的認(rèn)識(shí)本質(zhì)是主體的“構(gòu)造”過(guò)程。所有的知識(shí)都是我們自己的認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)的結(jié)果。我們通過(guò)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)構(gòu)造自己的理解,反之,我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)又受到自己認(rèn)知“透視”的影響。

數(shù)學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)被看成是主客體相互作用的產(chǎn)物,即反映和建構(gòu)的辯證統(tǒng)一。如果完全否認(rèn)了獨(dú)立于思維的客觀世界的存在,并認(rèn)為認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)的最終目的不應(yīng)被看成對(duì)于客觀真理的追求,則必然導(dǎo)致“極端建構(gòu)主義”。在實(shí)際數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中,我們常常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的現(xiàn)象,教師總是一個(gè)勁兒地抱怨學(xué)生連課堂上講過(guò)的一模一樣的習(xí)題,在考試中出現(xiàn)時(shí)仍然做不出來(lái)。這里可以依據(jù)建構(gòu)主義觀點(diǎn)作如下分析:建構(gòu)主義認(rèn)為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的本質(zhì)是學(xué)習(xí)不應(yīng)看成對(duì)于教師所授予的知識(shí)的被動(dòng)接受,而是一個(gè)以學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的、社會(huì)的建構(gòu)過(guò)程。我們對(duì)學(xué)生“理解”或“消化”數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)的真正含義獲得了新的解釋?zhuān)袄斫狻辈⒉皇侵笇W(xué)生弄清教師的本意,而是指學(xué)習(xí)者已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)教師所講的內(nèi)容重新加以解釋、重新建構(gòu)其意義,它只是表明學(xué)生認(rèn)為自己“我通過(guò)了”。因此,我們不難理解學(xué)生所學(xué)到的往往并非是教師所教的――這一“殘酷”事實(shí)。例如,數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中最常見(jiàn)的表現(xiàn)是教師盡管在課堂上講解得頭頭是道,學(xué)生對(duì)此卻充耳不聞;教師在課堂上詳細(xì)分析過(guò)的數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)題,學(xué)生在作業(yè)或測(cè)驗(yàn)中仍然是謬誤百出;教師盡管如何地強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)學(xué)的意義,學(xué)生卻仍然認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)是毫無(wú)意義的符號(hào)游戲,等等。學(xué)生真正獲得對(duì)知識(shí)的“消化”,是把新的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容正確地納入已有的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu),從而使其成為整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的有機(jī)組成部分。我國(guó)著名特級(jí)數(shù)學(xué)教師馬明先生有一句很生動(dòng)的比喻:教師把知識(shí)“拋”得越快,學(xué)生忘得越快。教得多并不意味著學(xué)得也多,有時(shí)教得少反而學(xué)得多。究其原因,是學(xué)生缺乏對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)的主動(dòng)建構(gòu)過(guò)程。

關(guān)于數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的建構(gòu)主義觀點(diǎn)是對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)教育思想,特別是“授予與接受”的觀點(diǎn)的直接否定。學(xué)習(xí)并非一個(gè)被動(dòng)的吸收過(guò)程,而是一個(gè)以已有知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的主動(dòng)的建構(gòu)過(guò)程。因此,學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的最好方法是做數(shù)學(xué),即我們應(yīng)讓學(xué)生通過(guò)最能展現(xiàn)其建構(gòu)知識(shí)過(guò)程的問(wèn)題解決來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)。

三、建構(gòu)主義的數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)觀

建構(gòu)主義所主張的教學(xué)方法與傳統(tǒng)的注入式和題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。建構(gòu)主義主張的教學(xué)方法其核心是強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)習(xí)者是一個(gè)主動(dòng)的、積極的知識(shí)構(gòu)造者。他們認(rèn)為知識(shí)就是某觀念(belief);學(xué)習(xí)是發(fā)展,是改變觀念;教學(xué)是幫助他人發(fā)展或改變觀念;而行為是人類(lèi)的活動(dòng),其實(shí)質(zhì)是觀念的操作化。建構(gòu)主義認(rèn)為教師的一項(xiàng)重要的工作就是要從學(xué)生實(shí)際出發(fā),以深入了解學(xué)生真實(shí)的思維活動(dòng)為基礎(chǔ),通過(guò)提供適當(dāng)?shù)膯?wèn)題情景或?qū)嵗偈箤W(xué)生的反思,引起學(xué)生必要的J知沖突,從而讓學(xué)生最終通過(guò)其主動(dòng)地建構(gòu)起新的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)。傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)中的注入式和題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)往往容易忽略學(xué)習(xí)需要主體的建構(gòu),而是把教學(xué)最大限度地轉(zhuǎn)移到記憶、復(fù)現(xiàn)、再認(rèn)上去。教師成了知識(shí)的“販賣(mài)者”,學(xué)生被看成可以任意地涂上各種顏色的白紙,或可以任意地裝進(jìn)各種東西的容器。

第4篇:教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告范文

關(guān)鍵詞:圖像;閱讀;心理;高校;學(xué)生

對(duì)于重要的信息,我們?yōu)槭裁赐ㄟ^(guò)閱讀來(lái)獲得呢?文本經(jīng)常因?yàn)檫^(guò)于深?yuàn)W而令人感到枯燥。為什么文字不可以圖像化呢?

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)興起之初,人們一度有一種錯(cuò)覺(jué),以為大眾觀看電視圖像的習(xí)慣會(huì)被上網(wǎng)瀏覽文字的習(xí)慣取代。隨著技術(shù)條件變化,這個(gè)結(jié)論需要進(jìn)一步厘清。事實(shí)上,統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)。但大眾轉(zhuǎn)到網(wǎng)絡(luò)上,是出于需要交互性,而不是排斥圖像。個(gè)性化交互的Web2.0到來(lái)時(shí),恰逢網(wǎng)上視頻的帶寬瓶頸解決。這要求我們改變窄帶時(shí)期的文本思維,跟上圖像思維的潮流。

讀圖時(shí)代是中國(guó)式說(shuō)法,由中國(guó)人發(fā)明于1998年。今天的閱讀已非傳統(tǒng)意義上的讀書(shū)。還包括“讀圖”、“讀屏”。所謂“讀圖”,是讀者對(duì)以圖畫(huà)為主體內(nèi)容的讀物的一種閱讀?!白x圖”是當(dāng)今青少年閱讀文化的一種時(shí)尚。高校的學(xué)生當(dāng)然更不例外。

1.讀圖時(shí)代的閱讀

“德國(guó)哲學(xué)家海德格爾早在上世紀(jì)30年代就宣布:‘世界圖像時(shí)代’已經(jīng)到來(lái)。”這大概就是“讀圖時(shí)代”概念的濫觴。鐘潔玲在1998年提出“讀圖時(shí)代”的名詞只是為了《紅風(fēng)車(chē)經(jīng)典漫畫(huà)叢書(shū)》的銷(xiāo)售,后來(lái)卻發(fā)展成為一種適應(yīng)閱讀風(fēng)尚和出版潮流的口號(hào)。

“讀圖時(shí)代”概念的首創(chuàng)者可能不會(huì)想到,這一概念已在全國(guó)風(fēng)靡一時(shí),并對(duì)青少年尤其是大學(xué)生的閱讀產(chǎn)生了深刻影響。微閱讀、輕閱讀、淺閱讀、屏閱讀等概念的出現(xiàn)即與“讀圖時(shí)代”閱讀方式的改變有關(guān)。“據(jù)調(diào)查,80%的讀者是通過(guò)標(biāo)題和圖片的瀏覽獲得信息的,標(biāo)題和圖片成為期刊重要的導(dǎo)讀手段,圖片的地位越來(lái)越重要。”上海市和甘肅嘉裕關(guān)市的學(xué)生喜歡影視呈現(xiàn)和圖畫(huà)呈現(xiàn)的比率高達(dá)73.6%和66.3%。“讀圖時(shí)代”的閱讀,其核心是眼睛與視覺(jué)對(duì)象的關(guān)系。當(dāng)代的閱讀行為經(jīng)歷了閱讀工具的“語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)向”之后,又轉(zhuǎn)向了對(duì)閱讀對(duì)象的思考。尤其在不同的技術(shù)和文化環(huán)境中,閱讀均不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的自然行為,直接關(guān)乎閱讀主體的視覺(jué)感受。視覺(jué)和其他人類(lèi)活動(dòng)一樣,隱含著追求的欲望。圖像會(huì)使讀者忽略閱讀對(duì)象原本的意義,只是被動(dòng)的接受畫(huà)面給予的平面影響,滿足于圖像帶來(lái)的新鮮的視覺(jué)化沖擊。有論者認(rèn)為,由“讀圖”所獲得的體驗(yàn)比之讀文字要更直接、更刺激,特別是高科技在影像制造中的運(yùn)用,能夠使受眾產(chǎn)生身臨其境的震驚效果。當(dāng)然也有論者以為,“視覺(jué)化”大大弱化了大眾的創(chuàng)造力,導(dǎo)致精神世界的平面化、虛空化、官能化??瓷先?,雙方關(guān)于文字遭遇“視覺(jué)化”的褒貶不一的認(rèn)識(shí)都頗有道理。

2.讀圖時(shí)代大學(xué)生的閱讀心理

作為一種社會(huì)行為,閱讀行為與方式背后反映的是閱讀者的需求、動(dòng)機(jī)和目標(biāo)等心理因素。大學(xué)生是“讀圖”的主要群體。其閱讀心理、閱讀方式有著區(qū)別于其他閱讀人群的鮮明特征。

2.1崇尚多元閱讀

后現(xiàn)代社會(huì)背景下長(zhǎng)大的青年學(xué)生相信,書(shū)本上的知識(shí)只是知識(shí)海洋中的一部分,知識(shí)分布在各種媒體中。閱讀僅是一種手段,目的是獲得知識(shí)。所有能獲取知識(shí)的活動(dòng),例如電影、電視、上網(wǎng)等都具有閱讀的功能。隨著電子文獻(xiàn)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn),文獻(xiàn)載體呈現(xiàn)多樣化的特點(diǎn)決定了閱讀形式的多樣化。新的載體圖文并茂,并且是連續(xù)、動(dòng)態(tài)的,滿足了人們“先睹為快”的強(qiáng)烈欲望,彌補(bǔ)了文字的視覺(jué)遺漏與欠缺。

2.2追求實(shí)用和休閑

“每個(gè)人心里都有一個(gè)自己的閱讀價(jià)值體系,并根據(jù)自己的價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行選擇性閱讀?!爆F(xiàn)代社會(huì)知識(shí)膨脹,知識(shí)在呈幾何級(jí)數(shù)增加。閱讀和娛樂(lè)結(jié)合在一起的休閑閱讀成了大學(xué)生重要的閱讀行為。在多種媒體并存并且互動(dòng)、多種載體共存并且互補(bǔ)的社會(huì),閱讀和娛樂(lè)已經(jīng)是你中有我,我中有你。他們?cè)陂喿x中享受著娛樂(lè)帶來(lái)的樂(lè)趣,在娛樂(lè)中獲得知識(shí)和信息。所以現(xiàn)在人們把“閱讀”當(dāng)作“悅讀”。

2.3簡(jiǎn)單化的接受

喜歡享受視覺(jué)沖擊的大學(xué)生也習(xí)慣了用簡(jiǎn)單的心態(tài)去審視身邊發(fā)生的事情。他們形成了從圖像事實(shí)中接受大量信息的習(xí)慣。在快節(jié)奏的現(xiàn)代社會(huì),大學(xué)生面臨著學(xué)業(yè)、就業(yè)、愛(ài)情、成長(zhǎng)等壓力,閑暇相對(duì)減少,因此他們更愿意消費(fèi)“快餐”文化,而圖像正是文化“快餐”的最好材料,所以圖像所占比例顯著增加。

2.4迎合大眾文化

報(bào)紙、雜志、廣播、電視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)筑的大眾媒介為大眾文化的流行和傳播提供了平臺(tái)。大學(xué)生并不能完全把握好自己的角色定位,很多時(shí)候只是追隨大眾文化的潮流而行。他們比別人更早瀏覽流行影視的同期書(shū),報(bào)刊、網(wǎng)絡(luò)推介的最新熱門(mén)讀物是他們樂(lè)于談?wù)摰脑掝}。但是,追逐潮流的標(biāo)新立異不一定是獨(dú)立思考的結(jié)果,恰恰折射出一種從眾心理。

2.5情緒化的焦慮與逆反

許多青年學(xué)生“讀圖”并不像“讀文”那樣有比較明確的目的和心理預(yù)期,僅憑個(gè)人喜好放任自己縱情于圖像的瀏覽。在他們心目中,瀏覽本身就是一種滿足。

此外,還有一個(gè)明顯的表現(xiàn)就是焦慮———他們從開(kāi)始面對(duì)讀物的那一刻起,就在不斷地翻頁(yè)或點(diǎn)擊,常常只看一眼標(biāo)題或圖像的大概,對(duì)于閱讀少有耐性。而碎片式的、泛化的、混亂的、缺乏中心的信息,又進(jìn)一步加重了他們的焦慮。張揚(yáng)的個(gè)性使他們不必看別人的臉色,不必遵從長(zhǎng)輩的意志。他們經(jīng)常故意顯示自己的特立獨(dú)行。

3.圖書(shū)館對(duì)策

3.1接受并理解

大學(xué)生喜愛(ài)“讀圖”是圖書(shū)館必須面對(duì)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)。正如前文所述,作為一種社會(huì)行為,無(wú)論哪種閱讀方式,無(wú)論何種閱讀對(duì)象,都反映了閱讀者的某種社會(huì)心理需求。而在更深層次上,大學(xué)生的“讀圖”映射的是他們對(duì)社會(huì)發(fā)展和人生的判斷和認(rèn)知。所以,圖書(shū)館對(duì)大學(xué)生的“讀圖”只能接受并努力去理解。試圖改變他們是錯(cuò)誤的,也是無(wú)效的。接受并理解不僅僅是一種態(tài)度,高校圖書(shū)館還需要有相應(yīng)的作為。

首先,了解學(xué)生的閱讀現(xiàn)狀,利用社會(huì)調(diào)查學(xué)方法對(duì)學(xué)生的閱讀對(duì)象和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì),以獲悉在總體閱讀中所占比例。

其次,調(diào)查所謂“圖文出版物”的出版發(fā)行情況,吸收出版發(fā)行界的研究成果,掌握文獻(xiàn)出版發(fā)行規(guī)律,尤其是圖像在出版物中的作用趨勢(shì)。

再次,客觀地對(duì)待學(xué)生的“讀圖”行為并為此提供可能的閱讀條件。如:在既定的館藏建設(shè)規(guī)劃內(nèi)盡量調(diào)整圖像的數(shù)量與質(zhì)量,增加“圖文書(shū)”的比例;添加方便“讀圖”的設(shè)備;提供圖像復(fù)制與傳輸?shù)臈l件;幫助讀者制作加工圖像等。

第四,創(chuàng)新閱讀服務(wù)方式,提供多維閱讀服務(wù)途徑。以同濟(jì)大學(xué)圖書(shū)館為例。該館多年來(lái)一直致力于傳統(tǒng)閱讀服務(wù)領(lǐng)域的拓展與延伸。2009年在經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累與系統(tǒng)總結(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)造性地提出“立體閱讀”的概念。主要做法是:定期針對(duì)某一主題或?qū)W生關(guān)注的某個(gè)話題,集中各種載體的文獻(xiàn)信息,通過(guò)舉辦圖文或?qū)嵨镎褂[、邀請(qǐng)專(zhuān)家講座、組織與主題相關(guān)的影視展播、媒體推薦與主題相關(guān)的館藏著作、書(shū)評(píng)或閱讀心得等形式,達(dá)到激活館藏、提高閱讀率等目的。這些做法被概括為“觀展覽、聽(tīng)講座、看電影、讀名著、寫(xiě)心得”。由這五個(gè)方面組成的“立體閱讀”中,“讀圖”占有相當(dāng)比例。

3.2分析與研究

第一,結(jié)合心理學(xué)方法和社會(huì)心理學(xué)研究,側(cè)重分析大學(xué)生的“讀圖”心理,辨別出不良的“讀圖”心理需求,引導(dǎo)并放大有利于他們學(xué)習(xí)與成長(zhǎng)的“讀圖”動(dòng)機(jī)。

第二,研究大學(xué)生的閱讀傾向、閱讀方式、閱讀內(nèi)容,形成定期的研究報(bào)告向文獻(xiàn)資源建設(shè)部門(mén)反饋,并以此作為開(kāi)展導(dǎo)讀工作的基本依據(jù)。

第三,建立大學(xué)生閱讀研究機(jī)構(gòu)。李強(qiáng)的建議是:由圖書(shū)館牽頭建立大學(xué)生閱讀研究中心。研究人員由教育心理學(xué)高職稱(chēng)人員、長(zhǎng)期從事學(xué)生工作的高職稱(chēng)人員及圖書(shū)館資深館員組成,專(zhuān)門(mén)從事閱讀研究、教學(xué)、咨詢(xún)等工作。其任務(wù)是調(diào)查大學(xué)生不同階段的閱讀狀況,研究其閱讀心理,并提供分析研究報(bào)告。

3.3訓(xùn)練與培養(yǎng)

對(duì)大學(xué)生喜愛(ài)“讀圖”的接受和理解并不等于承認(rèn)他們的閱讀對(duì)象、閱讀內(nèi)容和閱讀需求完全正確。在現(xiàn)實(shí)的“讀圖”活動(dòng)中,大學(xué)生的不良閱讀心理有待于及時(shí)矯治,閱讀技巧有待于進(jìn)一步訓(xùn)練,閱讀能力有待于不斷提高。對(duì)此,圖書(shū)館有義不容辭的責(zé)任。

其一,利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境,發(fā)揮學(xué)生社團(tuán)的作用,創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)讀工作的方式和手段。如:利用學(xué)生熱衷于“讀圖”的心理,在圖書(shū)館網(wǎng)站設(shè)立“圖文”專(zhuān)欄,組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)書(shū)評(píng),集成Blog、OPAC、RSS、Wiki及流行圖像工具,進(jìn)行正向的“讀圖”引導(dǎo);通過(guò)學(xué)生社團(tuán)組織“讀圖”活動(dòng),出版圖文并茂的校內(nèi)出版物;聘請(qǐng)校內(nèi)外專(zhuān)家就“讀圖”開(kāi)展專(zhuān)題講座。

其二,“建立閱讀學(xué)教育系統(tǒng)的理論支撐體系?!蓖ㄟ^(guò)閱讀研究機(jī)構(gòu),在研究大學(xué)生閱讀機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)上,配合專(zhuān)業(yè)教師和課程要求,開(kāi)展閱讀學(xué)教育和咨詢(xún),建立具有校園特色的“閱讀文化”,訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的閱讀技能,提高鑒賞水平。

其三,培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生的視覺(jué)素養(yǎng)?!耙曈X(jué)素養(yǎng)是準(zhǔn)確解釋視覺(jué)信息的能力和創(chuàng)造這樣信息的學(xué)習(xí)能力?!比说囊曈X(jué)對(duì)圖形、色彩和事物的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)比靜止的文字更敏感。但是,圖像中所包含的信息在大多數(shù)時(shí)候是模糊、復(fù)雜的。人對(duì)圖像信息的理解必須經(jīng)過(guò)再現(xiàn)、象征和抽象的過(guò)程。大學(xué)生較貧乏的生活閱歷和尚未完善的知識(shí)架構(gòu)及其理解能力不足以承擔(dān)對(duì)圖像信息的理解、表達(dá)與批判,遑論對(duì)圖像的科學(xué)創(chuàng)造。因此,在大學(xué)階段,通過(guò)圖像賞析、圖像制作、美學(xué)教育等途徑來(lái)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的視覺(jué)素養(yǎng),是引導(dǎo)他們正確“讀圖”的重要途徑。

參考文獻(xiàn):

1.項(xiàng)國(guó)雄等“.讀圖時(shí)代”的大眾傳播[J].社會(huì)科學(xué)戰(zhàn)線,2004,(6):102~106.

2.孔凡娟.讀圖時(shí)代的到來(lái):在比較研究視野中的新解[J].文教資料,2009,(24):94~95.

3.林蓓蓓“.讀圖時(shí)代”重提海德格爾的真理論[J].烏魯木齊職業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2004,(4):81~83.

4.馮雁.繁榮,抑或泡沫:“讀圖時(shí)代”的冷思考[J].大學(xué)出版,2003,(3):14~16.

5.曹建召,要彥梅.讀圖能力:閱讀能力的現(xiàn)代闡釋[J].江西教育科研,2009,(9):68~70.

6.畢素清“.讀圖時(shí)代”大學(xué)生的閱讀傾向和心理[J].河南圖書(shū)館學(xué)刊,2007,(6):30~32.

7.李強(qiáng).試論高校圖書(shū)館對(duì)大學(xué)生閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)[J].安康學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2009,(5):124~125.

第5篇:教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告范文

【關(guān)鍵詞】建構(gòu)主義理論;高中數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué);課堂教學(xué)

1986年,在倫敦舉行的第十屆數(shù)學(xué)教育心理學(xué)會(huì)(PME-10)的分組會(huì)上,馮.格拉斯菲爾德(VonClasfield)等發(fā)表了題為"合成單位及構(gòu)成它們的運(yùn)算"的研究報(bào)告。然而引起人們普遍感興趣的是支持這一研究的理論框架――認(rèn)識(shí)建構(gòu)主義(Constructivism),自此以后,建構(gòu)主義成為繼"大眾數(shù)學(xué)"、"問(wèn)題解決"之后國(guó)際數(shù)學(xué)教育界最熱門(mén)的話題之一。

一、建構(gòu)主義的先導(dǎo)

早在50-60年代,著名的日內(nèi)瓦學(xué)派創(chuàng)始人、認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家皮亞杰(J.Piaget)曾明確地提出了人的認(rèn)識(shí)并不是對(duì)外在的被動(dòng)的、簡(jiǎn)單的反映,而是一種以已有知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的主動(dòng)建構(gòu)活動(dòng)的觀點(diǎn)(認(rèn)識(shí)的建構(gòu)主義觀點(diǎn))。由于長(zhǎng)期在心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位的行為主義學(xué)派的巨大影響,使得建構(gòu)主義觀點(diǎn)在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)未得到應(yīng)有的重視。直到80年代以后隨著認(rèn)知心理學(xué)研究的不斷深入及其逐漸取代了行為主義的主導(dǎo)地位,才獲得人們普遍的重視。

皮亞杰的認(rèn)知理論的焦點(diǎn)是個(gè)體從出生到成年的認(rèn)知發(fā)展階段。他認(rèn)為認(rèn)知發(fā)展不是一種數(shù)量上簡(jiǎn)單累積的過(guò)程,而是認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)不斷重新建構(gòu)的過(guò)程。根據(jù)皮亞杰的觀點(diǎn),個(gè)體的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)是通過(guò)同化和順化而不斷發(fā)展,以適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境。個(gè)體每當(dāng)遇到新的刺激,總是把對(duì)象納入到已有的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)之中(同化),若獲得成功,便得到暫時(shí)的平衡。如果已有的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)法容納新的對(duì)象,個(gè)體就必須對(duì)已有的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行變化以使其與環(huán)境相適應(yīng)(順化),直至達(dá)到認(rèn)識(shí)上的新的平衡。同化與順化之間的平衡過(guò)程,即認(rèn)識(shí)上的"適應(yīng)"是人類(lèi)思維的本質(zhì)所在。

二、建構(gòu)主義的數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)觀

建構(gòu)主義認(rèn)為:人的認(rèn)識(shí)本質(zhì)是主體的"構(gòu)造"過(guò)程。所有的知識(shí)都是我們自己的認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)的結(jié)果。我們通過(guò)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)構(gòu)造自己的理解,反之,我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)又受到自己認(rèn)知"透視"的影響。

數(shù)學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)被看成是主客體相互作用的產(chǎn)物,也即是反映和建構(gòu)的辯證統(tǒng)一。如果完全否認(rèn)了獨(dú)立于思維的客觀世界的存在,并認(rèn)為認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)的最終目的不應(yīng)被看成對(duì)于客觀真理的追求,則必然導(dǎo)致"極端建構(gòu)主義".在實(shí)際數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中,我們常常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣的現(xiàn)象,教師總是一個(gè)勁的抱怨學(xué)生連課堂上講過(guò)的一模一樣的習(xí)題,在考試中出現(xiàn)時(shí)仍然做不出來(lái)。這里可以依據(jù)建構(gòu)主義觀點(diǎn)作如下的分析:建構(gòu)主義認(rèn)為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的本質(zhì)是:學(xué)習(xí)不應(yīng)看成對(duì)于教師所授予的知識(shí)的被動(dòng)接受,而是一個(gè)以學(xué)生已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的、社會(huì)的建構(gòu)過(guò)程。我們對(duì)學(xué)生"理解"或"消化"數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)的真正涵義獲得了新的解釋?zhuān)?理解"并不是指學(xué)生弄清教師的本意,而是指學(xué)習(xí)者已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)教師所講的內(nèi)容重新加以解釋、重新建構(gòu)其意義,它只是表明學(xué)生認(rèn)為自己"我通過(guò)了".因此,我們不難理解學(xué)生所學(xué)到的往往并非是教師所教的――這一"殘酷"事實(shí)。例如:在數(shù)W教學(xué)中最常見(jiàn)的表現(xiàn)是:教師盡管在課堂上講解得頭頭是道,學(xué)生對(duì)此卻充耳不聞;教師在課堂上詳細(xì)分析過(guò)的數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)題,學(xué)生在作業(yè)或測(cè)驗(yàn)中仍然可能是謬誤百出;教師盡管如何地強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)學(xué)的意義,學(xué)生卻仍然認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)是毫無(wú)意義的符號(hào)游戲,等等。學(xué)生真正獲得對(duì)知識(shí)的"消化",是把新的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容正確地納入已有的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu),從而使其成為整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的有機(jī)組成部分。我國(guó)著名特級(jí)數(shù)學(xué)教師馬明先生有一句很生動(dòng)的比喻:教師把知識(shí)"拋"得越快,學(xué)生忘得越快。教得多并不意味著學(xué)得也多,有時(shí)教得少反而學(xué)得多。究其原因,是學(xué)生缺乏對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)的主動(dòng)的建構(gòu)過(guò)程。

關(guān)于數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的建構(gòu)主義觀點(diǎn)是對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)教育思想,特別是"授予與接受"的觀點(diǎn)的直接否定。學(xué)習(xí)并非一個(gè)被動(dòng)的吸收過(guò)程。而是一個(gè)以已有知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的主動(dòng)的建構(gòu)過(guò)程。因此,學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的最好方法是做數(shù)學(xué),即我們應(yīng)讓學(xué)生通過(guò)最能展現(xiàn)其建構(gòu)知識(shí)過(guò)程的問(wèn)題解決來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)。

三、建構(gòu)主義的數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)觀

第6篇:教育心理學(xué)研究報(bào)告范文

In the modern history of science, differentiation and synthesis have been continuously performed. Education must adapt to the requirements of social development. The comprehensive era determines that modern education must also develop towards integration. The comprehensive practical activity curriculum just came into being under the background of this comprehensive era.

2001年6月,我國(guó)提出了相應(yīng)的課程政策,在《基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革綱要(試行)》中,對(duì)部分中小學(xué)課程作了重大調(diào)整。課程改革的目標(biāo)之一就是“改變課程結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)科本位、科目過(guò)多和缺乏整合的現(xiàn)狀,整體設(shè)置九年一貫的課程門(mén)類(lèi)和課時(shí)比例,并設(shè)置綜合課程,以適應(yīng)不同地區(qū)和學(xué)生發(fā)展的需要,體現(xiàn)課程結(jié)構(gòu)的均衡性、選擇性”。這次新課程改革的一個(gè)顯著變化是將一些原來(lái)的單科性課程整合為綜合課程。同時(shí)開(kāi)設(shè)專(zhuān)門(mén)的綜合課程,如小學(xué)和初、高中都增加了綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課。綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程是打破學(xué)科界限,體現(xiàn)對(duì)知識(shí)的綜合應(yīng)用的實(shí)踐性課程。

In June 2001, China put forward the corresponding curriculum policy. In the outline of basic education curriculum reform (for Trial Implementation), some primary and secondary school courses were greatly adjusted. One of the goals of the curriculum reform is to "change the current situation that the curriculum structure overemphasizes subject standard, subjects are too many and lack of integration, set up a nine-year consistent curriculum category and proportion of class hours, and set up a comprehensive curriculum to meet the needs of different regions and students' development, and reflect the balance and selectivity of the curriculum structure". A significant change of the new curriculum reform is to integrate some original single subject courses into comprehensive courses. At the same time, special comprehensive courses are offered, such as primary school, junior high school and senior high school, which have increased comprehensive practical activity courses. The course of comprehensive practical activity is a practical course which breaks the boundary of subject and embodies the comprehensive application of knowledge.

通過(guò)查閱1999、2000、2001年教育類(lèi)核心期刊、有關(guān)教育論著、“綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)”網(wǎng)頁(yè),發(fā)現(xiàn),1999年期刊、2000年期刊與綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)相關(guān)的研究很少,直到2001年才出現(xiàn)一些。在我國(guó)僅有少部地區(qū)在進(jìn)行“綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)”和“研究性學(xué)習(xí)”的研究,而很少有人專(zhuān)門(mén)進(jìn)行過(guò)有關(guān)“綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)”策略、方法和模式的設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)課題研究。從教育技術(shù)的視野研究“綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)”并不多見(jiàn)。即使是專(zhuān)門(mén)闡述綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的書(shū)籍文章或者是研究報(bào)告也絕大多數(shù)是從教師的角度對(duì)綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的理論基礎(chǔ)以及其課程進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、開(kāi)發(fā)、管理和評(píng)價(jià)方面進(jìn)行研究。而從學(xué)生的角度,對(duì)長(zhǎng)期處于傳統(tǒng)的分科教學(xué)環(huán)境下的學(xué)生應(yīng)該如何去學(xué)習(xí)這門(mén)課程,以達(dá)到綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的課程目標(biāo)卻沒(méi)有多少研究。為此,我們覺(jué)得進(jìn)行綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)策略的研究非常必要。本文將結(jié)合中學(xué)生的個(gè)性特征從綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程的特點(diǎn)以及學(xué)習(xí)策略的研究?jī)蓚€(gè)方面對(duì)本課題進(jìn)行闡述。

Through consulting the core journals of education, related educational theories and "comprehensive practice activities" web pages in 1999, 2000 and 2001, it is found that there are few studies on the relationship between the journals and comprehensive practice activities in 1999 and 2000, and some of them did not appear until 2001. In China, only a few areas are carrying out the research of "comprehensive practice activity" and "Research-based Learning", while few people have carried out the research on the design and development of "comprehensive practice activity" strategy, method and mode. From the perspective of educational technology, "comprehensive practical activities" are rare. Even the books and articles or research reports that specially describe the comprehensive practice activities mostly study the theoretical basis of the comprehensive practice activities and its curriculum design, development, management and evaluation from the perspective of teachers. However, from the perspective of students, there is not much research on how to learn this course to achieve the goal of comprehensive practical activities. Therefore, we think it is very necessary to study the learning strategies of comprehensive practical activities. This paper will combine the personality characteristics of middle school students from the characteristics of the comprehensive practical activity curriculum and the study of learning strategies.

第一部分綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)概述

Part I overview of comprehensive practical activities

一、綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的發(fā)展歷史

1、 The history of comprehensive practice

綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)是綜合性課程的超越和發(fā)展。和一般事物發(fā)展順序一樣,綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)或者說(shuō)綜合性課程發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在經(jīng)歷了萌芽、興起、發(fā)展三個(gè)階段。

Comprehensive practice is the transcendence and development of comprehensive curriculum. Like the development order of general things, the development of comprehensive practical activities or comprehensive courses has gone through three stages: germination, rise and development.

追溯綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的歷史,可以從古代學(xué)校教育課程中尋到它的足跡。我國(guó)隋唐時(shí)期的《千字文》、宋代的《三字經(jīng)》在一定意義上體現(xiàn)了綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的思想。在西方,以綜合性課程為主的教學(xué)狀況一直延續(xù)到文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期。

Tracing back to the history of comprehensive practice, we can find its footprints from ancient school education curriculum. In a certain sense, the "thousand characters" in Sui and Tang Dynasties and the "three characters" in Song Dynasty embody the idea of comprehensive practice. In the west, the teaching of comprehensive courses continued until the Renaissance.

從19世紀(jì)末到20世紀(jì)前半葉,是綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)或者說(shuō)綜合性課程真正興起的時(shí)期,逐步形成了自身獨(dú)立的思想體系和實(shí)踐類(lèi)型。在這一時(shí)期先后出現(xiàn)知識(shí)本位、兒童本位和社會(huì)本位三種不同的課程范式。主要影響人物有德國(guó)的赫爾巴特、齊勒,美國(guó)的杜威等等。

From the end of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, it is a period of real rise of comprehensive practice activities or comprehensive courses, and gradually formed its own independent ideological system and practice type. In this period, there are three different curriculum paradigms: knowledge standard, children standard and society standard. The main influential figures are German Herbart, zieler, American Dewey and so on.

20世紀(jì)60年代以后,綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)或者說(shuō)綜合性課程進(jìn)入了蓬勃發(fā)展的階段。在這一階段先后出現(xiàn)了多種綜合性課程的思想,如一體化課程、人本主義課程等等。主要影響人物有杰雷特福謝依等。

After the 1960s, the comprehensive practice or comprehensive curriculum has entered a stage of vigorous development. In this stage, there are many kinds of integrated curriculum ideas, such as integrated curriculum, humanistic curriculum and so on. The main influencers are Jarret foschei and so on.

二、綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的理論基礎(chǔ)

2、 Theoretical basis of comprehensive practical activities

㈠教育觀:從知識(shí)教育到生活教育的轉(zhuǎn)變

Education view: the change from knowledge education to life education

教育究竟是什么,教育的價(jià)值意義究竟何在?“什么是受過(guò)教育的人”?這是多年來(lái)教育理論家們爭(zhēng)論不休的理論難題。教育是一種與人的生命存在和生活方式密切相關(guān)的實(shí)際活動(dòng)領(lǐng)域,教育的終極目的是為了使人作為個(gè)體存在和社會(huì)存在以合理的方式展開(kāi)人生,體現(xiàn)人的生命和生活的意義,獲得個(gè)人的幸福。因此,教育必須是與生活息息相關(guān)的。當(dāng)前教育的弊端之一就在于教育與學(xué)生的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活和可能生活脫離。如果教育沒(méi)能作用于學(xué)生的生活方式,那么它就喪失了生活和生長(zhǎng)的意義。從人的存在、人的生活角度看,教育是兒童通向可能生活的終結(jié),因而教育,特別是基礎(chǔ)教育應(yīng)成為一種生活的教育。

What is education and what is its value? "What is an educated person"? This is a theoretical problem debated by educational theorists for many years. Education is a practical activity field closely related to human life existence and life style. The ultimate purpose of education is to make people as individual existence and social existence develop life in a reasonable way, reflect the meaning of human life and life, and obtain personal happiness. Therefore, education must be closely related to life. One of the disadvantages of current education lies in the separation of education from students' real life and possible life. If education does not work on students' life style, it will lose the meaning of life and growth. From the perspective of human existence and life, education is the end of children's possible life, so education, especially basic education, should become a kind of life education.

教育本身應(yīng)具有生活意義。因?yàn)槿耸墙逃膶?duì)象,也是教育的主體,教育是人的教育。教育本身就是人的生命存在的一種形式,就是實(shí)現(xiàn)人的價(jià)值生命過(guò)程的重要環(huán)節(jié)。教育通過(guò)人類(lèi)物質(zhì)文化、精神文化和行為文化的傳承,不僅給予人生活的基本知識(shí)和技能,更重要的是教給人生活的智慧。從知識(shí)的傳授到智慧的啟迪,這是教育觀的一大改變。

Education itself should have life significance. Because human is the object and subject of education, education is human education. Education itself is a form of human life, which is an important link in the process of realizing human value life. Through the inheritance of human material culture, spiritual culture and behavioral culture, education not only gives people basic knowledge and skills of life, but also, more importantly, teaches people wisdom of life. From the imparting of knowledge to the Enlightenment of wisdom, this is a great change in the concept of education.

㈡課程觀的轉(zhuǎn)向

Second, the change of curriculum view

多年來(lái)我們教育界一直存在著三種基本的課程觀。第一種課程觀是知識(shí)或?qū)W術(shù)理性課程觀。這種課程觀把課程視為“學(xué)科”,或者“知識(shí)”,認(rèn)為課程的價(jià)值在于為學(xué)生未來(lái)生活提供充足的理性準(zhǔn)備。這種課程觀在演變過(guò)程中有兩種不同的取向,一是生活預(yù)備取向,二是理性主義取向。比如夸美紐斯的“泛智主義”的學(xué)科課程,布魯那為代表的“認(rèn)知發(fā)展”課程理論等。多少年來(lái),我國(guó)基礎(chǔ)教育的課程呈現(xiàn)出比較明顯的知識(shí)中心的理性主義傾向。第二種課程觀是經(jīng)驗(yàn)或自我實(shí)現(xiàn)課程觀。這種課程觀把課程視為經(jīng)驗(yàn),認(rèn)為課程是促進(jìn)兒童自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的手段,強(qiáng)調(diào)活動(dòng)在課程學(xué)習(xí)中的重要性。比如盧梭的“自然教育”,裴斯泰洛齊的“教育的自然適應(yīng)性”,杜威的“從做中學(xué)”等無(wú)不是這種課程觀。從重視知識(shí)和理性發(fā)展,到重視兒童的存在、兒童的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和活動(dòng)的價(jià)值,以及強(qiáng)調(diào)課程作為兒童自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的中介和手段,無(wú)疑是課程觀的一種進(jìn)步。第三種課程觀是生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)重構(gòu)或批判課程觀。這種課程觀是建立在現(xiàn)象學(xué)、解釋學(xué)和批判理論基礎(chǔ)上的。強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生是課程的主體,注重學(xué)生創(chuàng)造課程的能力。

For many years, there have been three basic concepts of curriculum in our educational field. The first kind of curriculum view is knowledge or academic rational curriculum view. This view of curriculum regards curriculum as "subject" or "knowledge", and holds that the value of curriculum lies in providing sufficient rational preparation for students' future life. There are two different orientations in the evolution of this kind of curriculum concept, one is the orientation of life preparation, the other is the orientation of rationalism. For example, Comenius's "Pan intellectualism" curriculum, Bruner's "cognitive development" curriculum theory and so on. For many years, the curriculum of basic education in China has shown a more obvious rational tendency of knowledge center. The second kind of curriculum view is the experience or self realization curriculum view. This view of curriculum regards curriculum as experience, considers curriculum as a means to promote children's self realization, and emphasizes the importance of activities in curriculum learning. For example, Rousseau's "natural education", Pestalozzi's "natural adaptability of education", Dewey's "learning from doing" and so on are all such curriculum concepts. From attaching importance to knowledge and rational development, to the existence of children, the value of children's experience and activities, and emphasizing curriculum as an intermediary and means of children's self realization, it is undoubtedly a progress of curriculum concept. The third kind of curriculum view is life experience reconstruction or critical curriculum view. This view of curriculum is based on phenomenology, hermeneutics and critical theory. It emphasizes that students are the main body of the curriculum and the ability of students to create the curriculum.

以上三種課程觀分別從知識(shí)和理性、兒童與經(jīng)驗(yàn)、生活和經(jīng)驗(yàn)重建等不同角度建立其特定的課程觀念?,F(xiàn)在新的課程觀要跳出“知識(shí)”、“學(xué)科”、“教學(xué)科目”等框框的限制,把課程理解為:一種一人類(lèi)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和個(gè)體生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)為內(nèi)容,通過(guò)兒童在生活世界中對(duì)這些內(nèi)容的批判和反思性實(shí)踐,溝通兒童現(xiàn)實(shí)生活和可能生活的發(fā)展性的教育中介,教師和學(xué)生是這種發(fā)展性教育中介的創(chuàng)生者。

The above three kinds of curriculum concepts are established from different perspectives, such as knowledge and rationality, children and experience, life and experience reconstruction. Now the new curriculum concept should break away from the limitation of "knowledge", "subject", "teaching subject", and understand the curriculum as follows: a kind of educational intermediary that takes human life experience and individual life experience as the content, through children's criticism and reflective practice of these contents in the life world, and communicates children's real life and possible life development. Teachers and students are like this The creator of development education intermediary.

綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)就是基于這種反思性、批判性、實(shí)踐性的課程觀和發(fā)展課程觀來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)課程,是對(duì)“課程即學(xué)科”、“課程即教材”和“課程即知識(shí)”的課程觀的超越。

The comprehensive practice activity is to design curriculum based on the reflective, critical and practical curriculum view and development curriculum view, which is the transcendence of curriculum view of "curriculum is discipline", "curriculum is teaching material" and "curriculum is knowledge".

㈢新發(fā)展階段論與基礎(chǔ)教育課程結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯組織

Three new stages of development and the logical organization of the curriculum structure of basic education

1。新發(fā)展階段論

1. On the new stage of development

日本學(xué)者安彥忠彥更具個(gè)性生理心理發(fā)展的特點(diǎn),提出了當(dāng)代兒童個(gè)體新的發(fā)展階段論并提出根據(jù)其規(guī)律實(shí)施的不同教育課程。

Japanese scholar Masahiko ahiko has more characteristics of individual physiological and psychological development, and puts forward a new development stage theory of contemporary children and different education courses implemented according to its laws.

兒童個(gè)體發(fā)展的早期,大體可分為如小三個(gè)基本階段:

The early stage of children's individual development can be roughly divided into three basic stages as follows:

l感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期(0-3歲),教育課程應(yīng)該以游戲、生活活動(dòng)為主。

During the period of sensorimotor (0-3 years old), the education curriculum should be based on games and life activities.

l外部語(yǔ)言運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期(4-7歲),教育課程以言語(yǔ)的認(rèn)知活動(dòng)為主。

During the period of external language movement (4-7 years old), the cognitive activity of language is the main part of education curriculum.

l內(nèi)部語(yǔ)言運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期(9-11歲),教育課程主要以邏輯性的認(rèn)知活動(dòng)為主。

During the period of internal language movement (9-11 years old), the educational curriculum is mainly based on logical cognitive activities.

學(xué)生個(gè)體發(fā)展后期,即進(jìn)入青春期的11-22歲左右,是面向自我發(fā)展的階段,可分為如下兩個(gè)基本階段:

The later stage of students' individual development, i.e. about 11-22 years old, is a stage of self-development, which can be divided into the following two basic stages:

l個(gè)體自我探索時(shí)期(11-15歲),它不僅僅是自己特性、適應(yīng)性和個(gè)性探索的時(shí)期,而且也是進(jìn)入到志向、前途、專(zhuān)業(yè)探索的時(shí)期。

The period of individual self exploration (11-15 years old), it is not only the period of their own characteristics, adaptability and personality exploration, but also into the period of ambition, future and professional exploration.

l自我發(fā)展時(shí)期(16-20歲),個(gè)體以探索經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ),以不斷發(fā)展和深化自我個(gè)性的經(jīng)驗(yàn)為目標(biāo)。

In the period of self-development (16-20 years old), individuals take exploring experience as the basis, and constantly develop and deepen their own experience as the goal.

2?;A(chǔ)教育課程結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯組織

2. Logical organization of curriculum structure in basic education

第一階段,小學(xué)1-3年級(jí),以體驗(yàn)性知識(shí)和生活性知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)為主。

The first stage, Grade 1-3 in primary school, is mainly learning experiential knowledge and life knowledge.

第二階段,小學(xué)4年級(jí)-中學(xué)3年級(jí),以主要表現(xiàn)為學(xué)問(wèn)性知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí),并逐漸出現(xiàn)反省性知識(shí)和自我知識(shí)。學(xué)生要通過(guò)邏輯性的思考探究活動(dòng),來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)法則概念和方法的習(xí)得。

In the second stage, from the fourth grade of primary school to the third grade of middle school, the main performance is learning knowledge, and gradually there are reflective knowledge and self-knowledge. Students should realize the acquisition of law concepts and methods through logical thinking and exploration activities.

第三階段,高中1年級(jí)-大學(xué)2年級(jí),以自我知識(shí)和反省知識(shí)為主。在這一階段,學(xué)生作為面向內(nèi)在知我得方面,開(kāi)始關(guān)注自我的人生方向、職業(yè)選擇、適應(yīng)性和能力等方面,關(guān)心自己與外在的不同。這一階段中,學(xué)校的教育課程應(yīng)該以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自立、內(nèi)省能力為中心,教育課程的內(nèi)容以選擇性為主,共同性知識(shí)作為必要的補(bǔ)充。

In the third stage, from the first grade of senior high school to the second grade of University, self-knowledge and introspective knowledge are the main contents. In this stage, students, as the aspect of internal knowledge and self-knowledge, begin to pay attention to their own life direction, career choice, adaptability and ability, and care about their differences from the external. In this stage, the school's education curriculum should be centered on the cultivation of students' self-reliance and introspection ability. The content of education curriculum is mainly selective, and the common knowledge is the necessary supplement.

三、綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)和課程內(nèi)容

3、 Characteristics and contents of comprehensive practical activities

㈠綜合性學(xué)習(xí)的定義

Definition of comprehensive learning

關(guān)于綜合性學(xué)習(xí)從它產(chǎn)生開(kāi)始就有多種定義,發(fā)展到今天主要有以下幾個(gè)定義。

There have been many definitions about comprehensive learning since it came into being. Up to now, there are mainly the following definitions.

東北師范大學(xué)的熊梅博士,根據(jù)在日本的研究成果,對(duì)當(dāng)代綜合性學(xué)習(xí)的基本內(nèi)涵作如下的概括:綜合性學(xué)習(xí)作為一種相對(duì)獨(dú)立的課程組織形態(tài),它是超越了傳統(tǒng)單一學(xué)科的界限而按照水平組織的原則,將人類(lèi)社會(huì)的綜合性課題和學(xué)生關(guān)心的問(wèn)題以單元的形式統(tǒng)整起來(lái),通過(guò)學(xué)生主體的、創(chuàng)造性的問(wèn)題解決學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程,有機(jī)的將知識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn)、理論與實(shí)際、課內(nèi)與課外、校內(nèi)與校外結(jié)合起來(lái),以提高學(xué)生綜合性解決問(wèn)題的能力,促進(jìn)知情意行和諧統(tǒng)一的發(fā)展。它強(qiáng)調(diào)從外在的內(nèi)容性是轉(zhuǎn)化為內(nèi)在實(shí)際的結(jié)果,實(shí)現(xiàn)從內(nèi)容到形式、從手段到結(jié)果的統(tǒng)一。

According to the research results in Japan, Dr. Xiong Mei of Northeast Normal University summarized the basic connotation of contemporary comprehensive learning as follows: as a relatively independent organizational form of curriculum, comprehensive learning transcends the boundaries of traditional single discipline and integrates the comprehensive topics of human society and the issues concerned by students in a unit form according to the principle of horizontal organization In order to improve the students' ability of solving problems comprehensively and promote the development of the harmonious unity of knowing, doing and learning, we should combine knowledge and experience, theory and practice, in class and out of class, in school and out of school organically. It emphasizes that the external content is the result of internal reality, and realizes the unity from content to form, from means to result.

華南師范大學(xué)教育技術(shù)研究所的徐曉東,給出這樣的定義:所謂綜合性學(xué)習(xí)是以“學(xué)會(huì)生存,學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)”的結(jié)合為目標(biāo),以學(xué)習(xí)者的興趣與需要等內(nèi)部動(dòng)機(jī)為基礎(chǔ),在課題學(xué)習(xí)中不受學(xué)科分類(lèi)所束縛,通過(guò)調(diào)查、實(shí)踐、親身體驗(yàn)、信息技術(shù)的應(yīng)用等過(guò)程綜合性的運(yùn)用各學(xué)科的知識(shí)和技能,開(kāi)展問(wèn)題解決能力的伸展,使學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)得到深化、擴(kuò)展,創(chuàng)造與他人的協(xié)作化和共有化,實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)者的生產(chǎn)學(xué)習(xí)。

Xu Xiaodong, from the Institute of educational technology of South China Normal University, gives the following definition: the so-called comprehensive learning aims at the combination of "learning to survive and learning to learn", based on learners' interests and needs and other internal motivation, is not bound by subject classification in the subject learning, and is comprehensively operated through investigation, practice, personal experience, application of information technology and other processes With the knowledge and skills of various disciplines, we can develop the extension of problem-solving ability, deepen and expand students' learning, create collaboration and co ownership with others, and realize learners' productive learning.

日本“教育工學(xué)事典”將綜合性學(xué)習(xí)定義為:不做學(xué)科區(qū)分,對(duì)于主課題和子課題,學(xué)生進(jìn)行體驗(yàn)活動(dòng),以學(xué)生興趣、愛(ài)好為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行問(wèn)題解決和創(chuàng)造性的學(xué)習(xí)。

The Japanese "educational engineering Code" defines comprehensive learning as: no subject distinction, for the main subjects and sub topics, students experience activities, problem-solving and creative learning based on students' interests and hobbies.

總結(jié)了以上各家的定義,我的認(rèn)識(shí)是:綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)是以學(xué)生興趣愛(ài)好以及學(xué)校和所在地區(qū)的實(shí)際情況為基礎(chǔ),圍繞某一中心主題,有意識(shí)的運(yùn)用兩門(mén)或兩門(mén)以上學(xué)科的知識(shí)觀和方法論,通過(guò)親身體驗(yàn)和實(shí)踐活動(dòng),獲得學(xué)習(xí)效果的一種學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)。它強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生主體性地解決問(wèn)題的資質(zhì)和能力以及創(chuàng)造性、協(xié)作性地處理事物的態(tài)度,促進(jìn)“生存發(fā)展能力”的形成?!吧姘l(fā)展能力”是綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)發(fā)展的核心能力,它有三個(gè)要素:豐富、多樣、完整的人格,自學(xué)和獨(dú)立思考的能力,共同生存發(fā)展的能力。

This paper summarizes the definitions of the above schools. My understanding is that the comprehensive practical activity is a kind of learning activity based on the students' interests and hobbies as well as the actual situation of the school and the region. Around a central theme, it consciously uses the knowledge outlook and methodology of two or more disciplines, and obtains the learning effect through personal experience and practical activities. It emphasizes the cultivation of students' ability to solve problems as well as their attitude to deal with things creatively and cooperatively, so as to promote the formation of "survival and development ability". "Survival and development ability" is the core ability of the development of comprehensive practical activities. It has three elements: rich, diverse and complete personality, the ability of self-study and independent thinking, and the ability of common survival and development.

而綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程則是在教師的引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生自主進(jìn)行的綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)活動(dòng),是基于學(xué)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn),密切聯(lián)系學(xué)生自身生活和社會(huì)實(shí)際,體現(xiàn)對(duì)知識(shí)的綜合應(yīng)用的實(shí)踐性課程。

The course of comprehensive practical activity is a kind of practical activity that students carry out independently under the guidance of teachers. It is based on students' experience, closely related to students' own life and social reality, and reflects the comprehensive application of knowledge.

㈡綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)

II. Characteristics of comprehensive practical activities

尋求教學(xué)組織活動(dòng)的彈性化是綜合性學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)特點(diǎn),它主要涉及到了學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境(學(xué)習(xí)空間)、學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間、學(xué)習(xí)組織、指導(dǎo)體制等一系列的問(wèn)題。日本學(xué)者兒島邦宏具體概括了如下幾方面的特點(diǎn)。

Seeking the flexibility of teaching organization is the essential characteristic of comprehensive learning, which mainly involves a series of problems such as learning environment (learning space), learning time, learning organization, guidance system, etc. Japanese scholar Oshima Banghong specifically summarized the following characteristics.

⒈學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境的擴(kuò)大化

1. Expansion of learning environment

綜合性學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)范圍的廣闊性,決定了其學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境擴(kuò)大化的特點(diǎn)。它不可能局限在狹窄、封閉的教室空間范圍內(nèi)開(kāi)展活動(dòng),而是需要在廣闊的、開(kāi)放性的空間范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行。

The wide range of comprehensive learning activities determines the characteristics of expanding learning environment. It can not be confined to the narrow and closed classroom space, but needs to be carried out in a wide and open space.

⒉學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間的柔軟化

2. Soft and soft learning time

根據(jù)綜合性學(xué)習(xí)的特點(diǎn),需要柔軟而彈性的安排學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間。應(yīng)該是有學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容來(lái)決定教學(xué)時(shí)間,而不是由教學(xué)時(shí)間決定學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容。應(yīng)該由學(xué)生們來(lái)支配學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間和學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)。在安排時(shí)間時(shí)要考慮學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的特點(diǎn),并根據(jù)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的要求確定不同單位學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短。

According to the characteristics of comprehensive learning, soft and flexible arrangement of learning time is needed. There should be learning content to determine the teaching time, rather than the teaching time to determine the learning content. It is up to the students to spend their time and activities. When arranging time, we should consider the characteristics of students' learning activities, and determine the length of learning time in different units according to the requirements of learning content.

⒊學(xué)習(xí)組織的彈性化

3. Flexibility of learning organization

學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的組織形式要考慮學(xué)生個(gè)性發(fā)展的需要,還要考慮學(xué)生之間的相互合作。這兩方面反映了新的“個(gè)人和共生”的教育模式,它要求通過(guò)個(gè)人與共生之間關(guān)系的建立,是學(xué)生確立具有個(gè)性的自我,以及通過(guò)個(gè)人之間的相互支持、相互學(xué)習(xí)和相互合作而建立起共生的關(guān)系。以這種模式進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),主要采取的是“個(gè)別學(xué)習(xí)”、“小組學(xué)習(xí)”和“全體學(xué)習(xí)”的方式。

The organizational form of students' learning should consider the needs of students' personality development, and also consider the mutual cooperation between students. These two aspects reflect the new education mode of "individual and symbiosis", which requires the establishment of the relationship between individual and symbiosis, that is, the establishment of students' individual self, and that of symbiosis through mutual support, learning and cooperation between individuals. In this mode of learning, the main ways are "individual learning", "group learning" and "all learning".

⒋指導(dǎo)組織的彈性化

4. Guide the flexibility of the organization

綜合性學(xué)習(xí)體現(xiàn)學(xué)生個(gè)性、個(gè)別發(fā)展的要求出發(fā),強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)以上教師之間的相互協(xié)作,從而分擔(dān)不同的教學(xué)指導(dǎo)任務(wù),為此人們提出了TT(合作教學(xué))的指導(dǎo)體制。這樣,可以滿足學(xué)際學(xué)習(xí)特點(diǎn)需要,實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的學(xué)習(xí)組織形式,適應(yīng)個(gè)別差異,擴(kuò)大協(xié)力指導(dǎo)范圍。

Comprehensive learning reflects the requirements of students' personality and individual development. It emphasizes the mutual cooperation between teachers above the plural number, so as to share different teaching guidance tasks. Therefore, TT (cooperative teaching) guidance system is proposed. In this way, it can meet the needs of learning characteristics, realize different learning organization forms, adapt to individual differences, and expand the scope of cooperative guidance.

㈢綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程的理念和目標(biāo)

The idea and goal of the course of comprehensive practical activities

開(kāi)展綜合性學(xué)習(xí)需具備三個(gè)基本理念:第一,綜合教育思想。綜合性學(xué)習(xí)在活動(dòng)內(nèi)容上是綜合的,內(nèi)容涉及到學(xué)生生活領(lǐng)域、自然領(lǐng)域和社會(huì)領(lǐng)域。綜合性學(xué)習(xí)在培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)上是綜合的。它強(qiáng)調(diào)綜合素質(zhì)和綜合能力的整體發(fā)展。第二、實(shí)踐教育思想。綜合性學(xué)習(xí)是一種實(shí)踐的、整體的、開(kāi)放的教育活動(dòng),強(qiáng)調(diào)讓學(xué)生在實(shí)踐中學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展。第三、主體教育思想。綜合性學(xué)習(xí)強(qiáng)調(diào)在全面提高學(xué)生基本素質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)上,著力培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的主體精神,尊重學(xué)生的主體地位,充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。

There are three basic concepts to carry out comprehensive learning: first, the idea of comprehensive education. Comprehensive learning is comprehensive in activity content, which involves students' life field, natural field and social field. Comprehensive learning is comprehensive in training objectives. It emphasizes the overall development of comprehensive quality and ability. Second, practice education thought. Comprehensive learning is a practical, holistic and open educational activity, which emphasizes students' learning and development in practice. Third, the thought of subject education. Comprehensive learning emphasizes that on the basis of improving students' basic quality in an all-round way, we should focus on cultivating students' main spirit, respect students' main position, and give full play to students' independent learning ability.

綜合性實(shí)踐活動(dòng)是一個(gè)開(kāi)放的實(shí)踐性課程,其目標(biāo)包括知識(shí)與技能;過(guò)程與方法;情感、態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀三個(gè)維度。其總的目標(biāo)是:培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力、問(wèn)題解決能力、信息活用能力。在基礎(chǔ)教育階段,綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程的總體目標(biāo)有五個(gè)方面:獲得親身參與實(shí)踐的積極體驗(yàn)和豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn);形成對(duì)自然、社會(huì)、自我之內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的整體認(rèn)識(shí),發(fā)展對(duì)自然的關(guān)愛(ài)和對(duì)社會(huì)、對(duì)自我的責(zé)任感;形成從自己的生活中主動(dòng)的發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題并獨(dú)立的解決問(wèn)題的態(tài)度和能力;發(fā)展實(shí)踐能力,發(fā)展對(duì)知識(shí)的綜合運(yùn)用和創(chuàng)新能力;養(yǎng)成合作、分享、積極進(jìn)取等良好的個(gè)性品質(zhì)。

Comprehensive practical activity is an open practical course, whose objectives include knowledge and skills, process and method, emotion, attitude and values. The general goal is to cultivate students' learning ability, problem-solving ability and information flexibility. In the stage of basic education, the overall goal of the comprehensive practical activity curriculum has five aspects: to obtain the positive experience and rich experience of personal participation in practice; to form the overall understanding of the internal relationship among nature, society and self, to develop the care for nature and the sense of responsibility for society and self; to form the attitude of actively finding and independently solving problems in one's own life And ability; develop practical ability, develop the comprehensive application and innovation ability of knowledge; develop good personality quality such as cooperation, sharing and initiative.

㈣綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程的內(nèi)容

IV. contents of comprehensive practical activity course

它包括研究性學(xué)習(xí)、社區(qū)服務(wù)與社會(huì)實(shí)踐、勞動(dòng)與技術(shù)教育領(lǐng)域,并滲透信息技術(shù)教育。與其它課程相比,綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程具有綜合性、實(shí)踐性、開(kāi)放性、生成性、自主性五大特性。

It includes research learning, community service and social practice, labor and technology education, and it education. Compared with other courses, the comprehensive practical activity course has five characteristics: comprehensive, practical, open, generative and autonomous.

四、評(píng)述

Four, commentary

追求課程向兒童的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和生活回歸、倡導(dǎo)綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程是當(dāng)今世界各國(guó)課程改革的共同趨勢(shì)之一。在實(shí)踐方面世界各國(guó)正在如火如荼的開(kāi)展綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。在理論研究方面,對(duì)綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的研究一般只限于綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程的設(shè)計(jì)、開(kāi)發(fā)和評(píng)價(jià)方面。對(duì)于如何針對(duì)不同學(xué)齡階段的學(xué)生該采取什么樣的方法、策略去學(xué)習(xí)這門(mén)課程,有意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)自己的生存能力,轉(zhuǎn)變態(tài)度,調(diào)控情感卻沒(méi)有什么系統(tǒng)的研究。

It is one of the common trends of curriculum reform in the world to pursue the return of curriculum to children's experience and life and advocate the comprehensive practical activity curriculum. In practice, countries around the world are carrying out comprehensive practice activities in full swing. In the aspect of theoretical research, the research on comprehensive practical activities is generally limited to the design, development and evaluation of the curriculum of comprehensive practical activities. However, there is no systematic study on how to adopt the methods and strategies to study this course, consciously cultivate their own survival ability, change their attitudes, and regulate their emotions.

綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)也是一門(mén)全新的課程。要實(shí)施綜合活動(dòng)實(shí)踐課程,切實(shí)達(dá)到培養(yǎng)目標(biāo),就要讓學(xué)生掌握該門(mén)課程的學(xué)習(xí)策略,改變或者調(diào)整一貫的學(xué)習(xí)方式,積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí),自覺(jué)培養(yǎng)自己的各種能力,能夠不唯書(shū),不唯上,能夠用自己的眼睛去觀察,去思考,去判斷。我們的絕大部分學(xué)生一直以來(lái)都是在應(yīng)試教育的環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)的,是在老師手把手的教中學(xué)的。學(xué)生應(yīng)該怎樣學(xué)習(xí)這一門(mén)新課程才能取得良好的效果呢?怎樣才能學(xué)生自身態(tài)度、情感如何調(diào)控如何把握呢?為此,從學(xué)生的角度出發(fā),對(duì)綜合實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課程的學(xué)習(xí)策略進(jìn)行研究探討是非常有必要的。

Comprehensive practical activity course is also a new course for students. In order to implement the comprehensive activity practice course and achieve the training goal, we should let students master the learning strategy of the course, change or adjust the consistent learning mode, actively learn, consciously cultivate their own abilities, be able to observe, think and judge with their own eyes. Most of our students have always been studying in the environment of examination oriented education, which is taught by teachers. How should students learn this new course to achieve good results? How to control students' attitude and emotion? Therefore, from the perspective of students, it is necessary to study the learning strategies of the comprehensive practical activity curriculum.

第二部分學(xué)習(xí)策略概述

Part two: overview of learning strategies

一、學(xué)習(xí)策略的發(fā)展歷史

1、 The history of learning strategies

學(xué)習(xí)策略作為學(xué)習(xí)的執(zhí)行監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)速度和學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量都起著重要的作用。自古以來(lái)人們就很重視學(xué)習(xí)方法的掌握和應(yīng)用。從現(xiàn)存的一些古代心理學(xué)和教育學(xué)文獻(xiàn)上,可以看到,歷史上已有相當(dāng)一部分心理學(xué)家和教育學(xué)夾在他們的著作中談到學(xué)習(xí)策略并論述過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)策略在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中的重要性。例如,我國(guó)著名的教育家孔子就說(shuō)過(guò)“學(xué)而不思則罔,思而不學(xué)則殆”。法國(guó)近代思想家、心理學(xué)家、教育家盧所講的“形成一種獨(dú)立的學(xué)習(xí)方法,要比獲得知識(shí)更為重要”。但是古人對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)策略的這些認(rèn)識(shí)都是比較樸素的,零碎的,沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)系統(tǒng)的研究。

Learning strategy, as a monitoring system of learning, plays an important role in learners' learning speed and quality. Since ancient times, people have attached great importance to the mastery and application of learning methods. From some existing ancient psychological and pedagogical documents, we can see that in history, quite a number of psychologists and pedagogies have talked about learning strategies in their works and discussed the importance of learning strategies in the learning process. For example, Confucius, a famous educator in China, said that "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous". Lu, a modern French thinker, psychologist and educator, said that "it is more important to form an independent learning method than to acquire knowledge". But the ancient people's understanding of learning strategies is simple, fragmentary and has not been systematically studied.

真正開(kāi)始對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)策略進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究始于20世紀(jì)。1956年家布魯納和他的同事作了一個(gè)有關(guān)人工概念的經(jīng)典試驗(yàn)。在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)上,布魯納提出了“認(rèn)知策略”的概念。由于認(rèn)知策略和學(xué)習(xí)策略的關(guān)系十分密切,所以人們?cè)谙到y(tǒng)研究認(rèn)知策略的同時(shí),對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)策略也開(kāi)始了系統(tǒng)的研究。20世紀(jì)中葉以來(lái),在學(xué)習(xí)心理學(xué)和教育心理學(xué)的研究領(lǐng)域中,學(xué)習(xí)策略的研究始終占有著重要的地位,并成為學(xué)習(xí)心理學(xué)和教育心理學(xué)研究發(fā)展的一個(gè)方向。

The systematic study of learning strategies began in the 20th century. In 1956, Jia Bruner and his colleagues conducted a classic experiment on artificial concepts. Based on this experiment, Bruner proposed the concept of "cognitive strategy". Because of the close relationship between cognitive strategies and learning strategies, people begin to study learning strategies systematically as well as cognitive strategies. Since the middle of the 20th century, in the research field of learning psychology and educational psychology, the study of learning strategies has always played an important role, and has become a direction of the research and development of learning psychology and educational psychology.

二、學(xué)習(xí)策略的研究現(xiàn)狀

2、 Research status of learning strategies

㈠學(xué)習(xí)觀的變革

I. change of learning concept

我們的絕大部分學(xué)生一直以來(lái)都是在應(yīng)試教育的環(huán)境中學(xué)習(xí)的,是在老師手把手的教中學(xué)的。傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)觀中,學(xué)生一直是扮演著接收者的角色,是一被動(dòng)接受的容器?,F(xiàn)代的學(xué)習(xí)觀不僅要與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活和可能生活發(fā)生聯(lián)系,而且要把學(xué)習(xí)作為生活的一部分。學(xué)習(xí)不再是學(xué)知識(shí)而是學(xué)習(xí)方法、策略,學(xué)智慧。學(xué)生不在是學(xué)習(xí)的客體,而是學(xué)習(xí)的主體,每一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)者都要積極主動(dòng)的去學(xué)習(xí),做學(xué)習(xí)的主人。

Most of our students have always been studying in the environment of examination oriented education, which is taught by teachers. In the traditional view of teaching, students always act as receivers, and they are containers of passive acceptance. Modern learning concept should not only be connected with real life and possible life, but also take learning as a part of life. Learning is no longer learning knowledge but learning methods, strategies and wisdom. Students are not the object of learning, but the subject of learning. Every learner should actively study and be the master of learning.

㈡目前的研究成果

II. Current research results

⒈學(xué)習(xí)策略的界定

1. Definition of learning strategies

由于人們研究的角度和方法不同,對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)策略的界定也沒(méi)有達(dá)成統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識(shí)。概括起來(lái)有以下四類(lèi):

Due to the different research perspectives and methods, there is no unified understanding of the definition of learning strategies. In summary, there are four categories:

第一種,把學(xué)習(xí)策略視作學(xué)習(xí)方法或者技能,如,梅耶(GE。Mayer)(邵瑞珍、皮連生等,1990)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是學(xué)習(xí)者有目的地影響自我信息加工的活動(dòng)”;瓊斯、艾米爾、凱蒂姆斯(Jones,Amiran,Katims)(史耀芳,1994)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是被用于編碼、分析和提取信息的智力活動(dòng)或思維步驟”;平特里奇(P。Pintrich)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是學(xué)生獲得信息的技術(shù)或方法”;邵瑞珍(1997)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是學(xué)生采用的提高學(xué)習(xí)效率的活動(dòng)”。

First, consider learning strategies as learning methods or skills, such as GE. Mayer (Shao Ruizhen, PI Liansheng, et al., 1990) believed that "learning strategies are activities that learners purposefully influence self information processing"; Jones, Emil, and Katims (Shi Yaofang, 1994) believed that "learning strategies are intellectual activities or thinking steps used to code, analyze and extract information"; P. Pintrich) thinks that "learning strategy is a technology or method for students to obtain information"; Shao Ruizhen (1997) thinks that "learning strategy is an activity adopted by students to improve learning efficiency".

第二種,把學(xué)習(xí)策略看作是學(xué)習(xí)的調(diào)節(jié)和控制技能,如,奈斯彼特、舒克史密斯(Nisbet,Shucksmish)(史耀芳,1994)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是選擇、整合、應(yīng)用學(xué)習(xí)技巧的一套操作過(guò)程”;科爾比(Kirby)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是指與認(rèn)知運(yùn)算的控制過(guò)程有關(guān)的過(guò)程”;凱爾和比森(Kail,Bisan)(史耀芳,1994)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是一系列學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)過(guò)程,而不是簡(jiǎn)單的學(xué)習(xí)事件”;魏聲漢(1992)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是在元認(rèn)知的作用下,根據(jù)學(xué)習(xí)情境的各種變量、變量之間的關(guān)系及其變化,調(diào)控學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)和學(xué)習(xí)方法的選擇與使用的學(xué)習(xí)方式或過(guò)程”;胡斌武(1995)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是學(xué)習(xí)者為達(dá)到一定的學(xué)習(xí)目的,在元認(rèn)知的作用下,根據(jù)學(xué)習(xí)情境的特點(diǎn),調(diào)節(jié)和控制學(xué)習(xí)方法選擇與使用乃至調(diào)控整個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的內(nèi)部學(xué)習(xí)方式或技巧”。

Second, learning strategy is regarded as the regulation and control skills of learning. For example, Nisbet and shucksmish (Shi Yaofang, 1994) think that "learning strategy is a set of operation process of selecting, integrating and applying learning skills"; Kirby thinks that "learning strategy is a process related to the control process of cognitive operation"; Kyle and Bi According to Kail, Bisan (Shi Yaofang, 1994), "learning strategy is a series of learning activities, not a simple learning event"; Wei Shenghan (1992), "learning strategy is a kind of learning method or process that can be used to control the selection and use of learning activities and learning methods under the influence of metacognition, according to the relationship and change of various variables and variables in learning situations According to Hu binwu (1995), "learning strategy is an internal learning method or skill for learners to adjust and control the selection and use of learning methods and even the whole learning activity under the influence of metacognition and according to the characteristics of learning situations in order to achieve certain learning purposes.".

第三種,把學(xué)習(xí)策略看作是學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)則系統(tǒng),如杜菲(Duffy)(史耀芳,1994)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是內(nèi)隱的學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)則”;溫斯坦(C。E。Weinstein,1985)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是必需的各種不同能力”。

The third is to regard learning strategies as learning rule systems, for example, Duffy (Shi Yaofang, 1994) thinks that "learning strategies are implicit learning rules"; C. E. Weinstein, 1985) believes that "learning strategies are the various abilities necessary".

第四種,把學(xué)習(xí)策略看作是學(xué)習(xí)方法和學(xué)習(xí)的調(diào)節(jié)與控制的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一體,如,但瑟洛(Dansereau)(史耀芳,1994)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是能夠促進(jìn)信息的獲得、存儲(chǔ)和利用的一套過(guò)程和步驟”;胡電芝(1997)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是指學(xué)習(xí)者在學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)中,有效利用學(xué)習(xí)的規(guī)則、方法、技巧及其調(diào)控”;史耀芳(1991)認(rèn)為“學(xué)習(xí)策略是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,為達(dá)到一定的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),有意識(shí)的調(diào)控學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)的操作過(guò)程,是認(rèn)知策略在學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)中的體現(xiàn)形式,他在一定程度上表現(xiàn)為學(xué)習(xí)方法或技巧”。

Fourth, learning strategies are regarded as the organic unity of learning methods and learning regulation and control. For example, dansereau (Shi Yaofang, 1994) thinks that "learning strategies are a set of processes and steps that can promote the acquisition, storage and utilization of information"; Hu Dianzhi (1997) thinks that "learning strategies refer to the rules that learners use learning effectively in learning activities." According to Shi Yaofang (1991), "learning strategy refers to the operation process of consciously regulating learning links in order to achieve certain learning goals in the learning process of students, and it is the embodiment of cognitive strategy in learning activities, which to a certain extent is represented by learning methods or skills".

以上四種并不完全相同的觀點(diǎn)是可以統(tǒng)一起來(lái)的。從抽象意義上說(shuō),學(xué)習(xí)策略是一種“內(nèi)隱的學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)則”;從學(xué)習(xí)的操作意義上說(shuō),學(xué)習(xí)策略是一個(gè)“學(xué)習(xí)方法和學(xué)習(xí)的調(diào)節(jié)與控制的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一體”;從結(jié)構(gòu)意義上來(lái)說(shuō),學(xué)習(xí)策略是由“學(xué)習(xí)方法”和“學(xué)習(xí)的調(diào)節(jié)和控制”等方面因素組成的(超英,1999)。因此,綜合以上觀點(diǎn),蒯超英給出的學(xué)習(xí)策略的定義是“指在學(xué)習(xí)情境中,學(xué)習(xí)著對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)的認(rèn)識(shí)、對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)方法的調(diào)用和對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的調(diào)控”。也就是說(shuō),學(xué)習(xí)策略對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō)是學(xué)習(xí)執(zhí)行的監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。

The above four different views can be unified. In the abstract sense, learning strategy is an "implicit learning rule"; in the operational sense, learning strategy is an organic unity of learning methods and learning regulation and control; in the structural sense, learning strategy is composed of "learning methods" and "learning regulation and control" (hyperenglish, 1999). Therefore, from the above point of view, the definition of learning strategy given by Kuai Chaoying is "learning the understanding of learning tasks, the call of learning methods and the regulation of learning process in learning situations". In other words, learning strategy is the monitoring system of learning execution for learners.

⒉學(xué)習(xí)策略的成分和層次

2. Components and levels of learning strategies

由于對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)策略?xún)?nèi)涵的看法不同,對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)策略的成分和層次的看法也不盡相同。比較有代表性的有以下幾種:

Because of the different views on the connotation of learning strategies, there are different views on the components and levels of learning strategies. There are several representative ones:

⑴奈斯彼特、舒克史密斯(Nisbet,Shucksmish)(史耀芳,1994)把學(xué)習(xí)策略劃分為三個(gè)層次:

(1) Nisbet and shucksmish (Shi Yaofang, 1994) divide learning strategies into three levels:

①一般策略。其特征與態(tài)度和動(dòng)機(jī)因素有關(guān)。

① General strategy. Its characteristics are related to attitude and motivation factors.

②宏觀策略。其特征有:高度概括化、隨年齡的增長(zhǎng)而提高、隨經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累而改進(jìn)。

② Macro strategy. It is characterized by high generalization, improvement with age, and improvement with experience accumulation.

③微觀策略。其特征是:概括化程度較低、容易為學(xué)習(xí)者所掌握、同高度有序的技巧構(gòu)成統(tǒng)一體。它包括六個(gè)因素:

③ Micro strategy. It is characterized by a low degree of generalization, easy for learners to master, and highly ordered skills. It includes six factors:

1)提問(wèn),其功能是確定假設(shè),建立目標(biāo)和項(xiàng)目參量,尋求反饋以及聯(lián)系人物等;

1) The function of asking questions is to determine hypotheses, establish objectives and project parameters, seek feedback and contact people;

2)計(jì)劃,其功能是決定策略及其實(shí)施一覽表,精簡(jiǎn)項(xiàng)目或?qū)?wèn)題進(jìn)行分類(lèi),以及選擇某些體力或腦力技能來(lái)解決問(wèn)題;

2) The function of the plan is to determine the strategy and its implementation schedule, simplify the project or classify the problems, and select some physical or mental skills to solve the problems;

3)調(diào)控,其功能是試圖回答或發(fā)現(xiàn)最初的問(wèn)題和意圖;

3) The function of regulation is to try to answer or discover the original questions and intentions;

4)審核,其功能是對(duì)活動(dòng)和結(jié)果作出初步的評(píng)估;

4) Audit, whose function is to make a preliminary assessment of activities and results;

5)矯正,其功能是再設(shè)計(jì)或再檢查,包括矯正目標(biāo)的設(shè)置;

5) Correction, whose function is to redesign or recheck, including the setting of correction objectives;

6)自檢其功能是對(duì)活動(dòng)和項(xiàng)目作最后的自我評(píng)價(jià)。

6) Self inspection is the final self-evaluation of activities and projects.

⑵溫斯坦(C。E。Weinstein,1985)認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)策略包括:①認(rèn)知信息加工策略,如精細(xì)加工策略;②積極學(xué)習(xí)策略,如應(yīng)試策略;③輔策略,如處理焦慮;④元認(rèn)知策略,如監(jiān)控新信息的獲得。

(2) Weinstein (C. E. Weinstein, 1985) thinks that learning strategies include: ① cognitive information processing strategies, such as fine processing strategies; ② active learning strategies, such as test-oriented strategies; ③ auxiliary strategies, such as dealing with anxiety; ④ metacognitive strategies, such as monitoring the acquisition of new information.

⑶但瑟洛(Dansereau,1985)認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)策略可以劃分為基本策略與輔助策略?xún)深?lèi)。前者有兩個(gè)子策略構(gòu)成,即①領(lǐng)會(huì)和保持策略。它承擔(dān)獲得與存儲(chǔ)信息的任務(wù),包括理解、回想、消化、擴(kuò)展、復(fù)查等5項(xiàng)策略因素。②提取與利用信息策略。它負(fù)責(zé)提取和使用所存儲(chǔ)的信息,也由理解、回想、詳釋、擴(kuò)展、復(fù)查5項(xiàng)策略因素。后者包括3個(gè)子策略,即計(jì)劃和時(shí)間安排,專(zhuān)心管理(包括情緒調(diào)節(jié)與情緒維持),監(jiān)視與調(diào)控。

However, dansereau (1985) thinks that learning strategies can be divided into basic strategies and auxiliary strategies. The former consists of two sub strategies, namely, comprehension and retention. It undertakes the task of obtaining and storing information, including five strategic factors: understanding, recalling, digesting, expanding and reviewing. ② Extraction and utilization of information strategies. It is responsible for extracting and using the stored information, as well as understanding, recalling, explaining in detail, expanding and reviewing five strategic factors. The latter includes three sub strategies, namely, planning and scheduling, focusing on Management (including emotional regulation and emotional maintenance), monitoring and regulation.

⑷邁克卡等人(Mckeachieetal。,1990)把學(xué)習(xí)策略分為三大部分,即認(rèn)知策略,元認(rèn)知策略和資源管理策略。認(rèn)知策略又包括復(fù)述策略、精細(xì)加工策略、組織策略;元認(rèn)知策略包括計(jì)劃策略、監(jiān)視策略和調(diào)節(jié)策略;資源管理策略包括時(shí)間管理、學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境管理、努力管理和其他人支持。

(4) mckeachieet al. , 1990) divided learning strategies into three parts: cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies and resource management strategies. Cognitive strategies include retelling strategies, fine processing strategies and organization strategies; metacognitive strategies include planning strategies, monitoring strategies and adjustment strategies; resource management strategies include time management, learning environment management, effort management and other people's support.

學(xué)習(xí)策略的成分是從學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的環(huán)節(jié)或所涉及的諸方面如方法、步驟、手段和組織中提出的。這些觀點(diǎn)的共同點(diǎn)是都認(rèn)識(shí)到了學(xué)習(xí)策略既包含有直接影響對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)材料的信息加工的成分,又包含有影響信息加工過(guò)程的成分,并有對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境、時(shí)間及工具等的管理成分。但是,我注意到這些學(xué)習(xí)策略的成分都是針對(duì)陳述性知識(shí),基于以自學(xué)為主的,閱讀印刷教材這樣一種學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的研究。而學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)是多種多樣的,有聽(tīng)講、自學(xué)、討論、看錄像、解決問(wèn)題等;利用媒體獲得的信息種類(lèi)也不同,有來(lái)文字信息,視音頻信息等。因此,適用于各種學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)以及各類(lèi)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)策略還有待研究。

The components of learning strategies are put forward from the links or aspects of learning process, such as methods, steps, means and organizations. The common point of these views is to realize that learning strategies include not only the components that directly affect the information processing of learning materials, but also the components that affect the information processing process, as well as the management components of learning environment, time and tools. However, I have noticed that the components of these learning strategies are all for declarative knowledge, based on self-study, reading and printing textbooks as a learning activity. The learning activities of students are various, including listening, self-study, discussion, watching videos, solving problems, etc.; the types of information obtained by using media are also different, including text information, video and audio information, etc. Therefore, the learning strategies applicable to all kinds of learning activities and knowledge need to be studied.

⒊學(xué)習(xí)策略的教學(xué)

3. Teaching of learning strategies

⑴學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)的內(nèi)涵

(1) connotation of learning strategy teaching

學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)(LearningStrategyInstruction)的概念是20世紀(jì)80年代后期才被學(xué)者們使用的。它指系統(tǒng)地教授學(xué)習(xí)策略,使學(xué)生最終成為學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)的人的教學(xué)活動(dòng)。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,人們就開(kāi)始注意在教學(xué)中教給學(xué)生易懂的學(xué)習(xí)策略,并對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)策略有了研究,如SQ3R學(xué)習(xí)策略等。這就向主要關(guān)心教給學(xué)生知識(shí)、是否記住了知識(shí)的傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)發(fā)起了攻勢(shì),但20世紀(jì)四、五十年代的研究并沒(méi)有確立學(xué)習(xí)策略的重要地位,并且大多數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)也不成系統(tǒng),僅限于知識(shí)的記憶、知識(shí)的鞏固等方面。

The concept of learning strategy instruction was used by scholars in the late 1980s. It refers to the systematic teaching of learning strategies, so that students will eventually become learning people's teaching activities. After the Second World War, people began to pay attention to teaching students easy to understand learning strategies, and to study learning strategies, such as SQ3R learning strategies. This has launched an attack on the traditional teaching that mainly cares about teaching students knowledge and whether they remember it. However, the research in the 1940s and 1950s did not establish the important position of learning strategies, and most of the learning strategies teaching is not systematic, only limited to the memory of knowledge and the consolidation of knowledge.

⑵學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)的內(nèi)容

(2) contents of learning strategy teaching

學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)的主要內(nèi)容就是學(xué)習(xí)策略的知識(shí)與技巧。它是學(xué)生在形成概念和知識(shí)的過(guò)程中如何運(yùn)用各種認(rèn)知過(guò)程及其不同組合形式來(lái)開(kāi)展學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)的技術(shù)和方法。目前,成功的學(xué)習(xí)策略有哪些,如何對(duì)它們進(jìn)行分類(lèi)等尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的劃分。

The main content of learning strategy teaching is the knowledge and skills of learning strategy. It is a technique and method for students to use various cognitive processes and their different combinations to carry out learning activities in the process of forming concepts and knowledge. At present, there is no uniform division of successful learning strategies and how to classify them.

⑶學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)的方法和途徑

(3) methods and approaches of learning strategy teaching

學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)的方法和途徑,大都與學(xué)科內(nèi)容相聯(lián)系,并反映學(xué)生的實(shí)際需要和能力。教師在教學(xué)前就應(yīng)對(duì)學(xué)生的初始水平進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),并以此來(lái)確定不同學(xué)習(xí)的不同學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)目標(biāo)。一旦與學(xué)生能力相一致的適合某種任務(wù)的策略被選擇使用,教師與學(xué)生就建立了學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)目標(biāo)和何時(shí)如何運(yùn)用學(xué)習(xí)策略的教學(xué)體系。

The methods and approaches of learning strategy teaching are mostly related to the subject content, and reflect the actual needs and abilities of students. Teachers should evaluate the initial level of students before teaching, and then determine the teaching objectives of different learning strategies. Once the strategies suitable for a certain task consistent with students' abilities are selected and used, teachers and students will establish a teaching system of learning strategy teaching objectives and when and how to use learning strategies.

有關(guān)學(xué)習(xí)策略教學(xué)的方法,目前尚存較大爭(zhēng)議。元學(xué)習(xí)方法的建立也可以說(shuō)就是學(xué)習(xí)策略的教學(xué)方法。其中Biggs等人的表面深層成就法和Jones構(gòu)架法都是比較有效的方法。表面深層成就法是Biggs等人1990年總結(jié)的。它指教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)不同的材料,采用不同的學(xué)習(xí)策略的教學(xué)形式,包括表面方法、深層方法和成就方法三部分。表面方法是教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生訂立目標(biāo),計(jì)劃學(xué)習(xí)事件,并檢查自己的學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果的方法,教給學(xué)生的是導(dǎo)致機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)的復(fù)述策略。深層方法首先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生擁有動(dòng)量有關(guān)方面內(nèi)容的知識(shí)并在概念的高水平上進(jìn)行概括;其次引導(dǎo)學(xué)生明白自己應(yīng)該完成什么和采取什么策略去完成,使學(xué)生愿意投入時(shí)間和精力,并在教學(xué)過(guò)程中獲得一種愉悅享受。成就方法是教師掌握教學(xué)中得到獲得高分和贏得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的教學(xué)策略,它既有表面方法的復(fù)述策略,也有深層方法的語(yǔ)義加工策略,使學(xué)生在具體情境中獲得最有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略。

At present, there is a great controversy about the method of learning strategy teaching. The establishment of meta learning method is also the teaching method of learning strategy. Among them, the surface deep achievement method and Jones framework method of Biggs et al. Are relatively effective methods. The surface deep achievement method was summarized by Biggs et al. In 1990. It refers to the teaching form in which teachers guide students to adopt different learning strategies for different materials, including surface method, deep method and achievement method. The surface method is a way for teachers to guide students to set goals, plan learning events, and check their own learning results. What they teach students is the repetition strategy that leads to mechanical learning. The deep method first guides students to have the knowledge of momentum related content and generalize it at a high level of concept; secondly, it guides students to understand what they should accomplish and what strategies they should adopt to accomplish it, so that students are willing to invest time and energy, and get a kind of enjoyment in the teaching process. Achievement method is a teaching strategy for teachers to get high scores and win awards in teaching. It has not only the surface method of repetition strategy, but also the deep method of semantic processing strategy, so that students can get the most effective learning strategy in specific situations.

Jones等人的構(gòu)架法要求在沒(méi)有教師的幫助下,學(xué)生通過(guò)活動(dòng)解決學(xué)習(xí)問(wèn)題、完成教學(xué)任務(wù)和成就教學(xué)目標(biāo)⑧。它包括三個(gè)方面,即支持、調(diào)整和移去支持。支持是運(yùn)用各種策略進(jìn)行教學(xué),提高各種策略的模式和補(bǔ)充例子;調(diào)整是調(diào)整教學(xué)的內(nèi)容與策略以適應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)者的能力與特點(diǎn),運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)牟呗赃M(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí);移去支持是當(dāng)學(xué)生表現(xiàn)出良好的知識(shí)與能力狀態(tài)時(shí),教學(xué)逐漸移去原有的對(duì)學(xué)生的支持。為了使教學(xué)適合學(xué)生特點(diǎn),教師必須對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),以便使學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)策略更有效。

Jones et al's framework method requires students to solve learning problems, complete teaching tasks and achieve teaching objectives through activities without the help of teachers ⑧. It includes three aspects: support, adjustment and removal of support. Support is to use all kinds of strategies to teach and improve the models and supplementary examples of all kinds of strategies; adjustment is to adjust the contents and Strategies of teaching to adapt to the abilities and characteristics of learners and to use appropriate strategies for learning; removal support is to gradually remove the original support for students when students show good knowledge and ability. In order to make teaching suitable for students' characteristics, teachers must evaluate students in order to make students' learning strategies more effective.