英語作文例文精選(九篇)

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第1篇：英語作文例文范文

2018中考英語作文預(yù)測(cè)：Talk about Internet

Today，I’ll talk about going online. We know thatthere are too many net-bars (網(wǎng)吧) around us. The Internet can make our lives interesting and enjoyable.Many of us like going online very much because we can learn how to usethe computer and get more information from the Internet. We can learn English.We can read some good newspapers and magazines. It can make us cleverthrough playing computer games. I can sende-mails to our friends quickly. We can chatonline with our friends. It can help us get in touch with (取得聯(lián)系) people from all over the world, but unfortunately the government doesn’t allow communication with many people.

But some students spend too much time playing computer games and some stay in net bars all day and all night.As a result, they do worse and worse in their lessons andthey don’t study well any more. I think we shouldn’t goonline when it is time for us to study. We can do it in summer or winterholidays.

第2篇：英語作文例文范文

60％的同學(xué)認(rèn)為

40％的同學(xué)認(rèn)為

1．不應(yīng)該收門票

2公園是公眾休閑的地方

3l如收門票，需建大門、圍墻，會(huì)影響城市形象

1．應(yīng)收門票，但票價(jià)不要太高

2．支付園林工人工資

3．購新花木

注意：1．信的開頭已為你寫好。

2．詞數(shù)：100左右。

3．參考詞匯：門票---entrance fee

Dear Editor．

I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we havehad about whether an entrance

fee should be charged for parks．

Dear editor,

I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we have had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks. 60% of us schoolmates think that an entrance fee do not meet people’s expectations, for a park is considered to be a place where the public can have a good time when they are not busy either at home or at work. If an entrance fee must be paid by the visitors for a park, it will be necessary to build a gate and surrounding walls. In the end a city will take on a bad look. 40% of us schoolmates think that an entrance fee can be accepted, but it must not be too expensive. The money from ticket selling can be used for paying the gardeners in the park and buying some other kinds of flowers and trees.

With regard to myself, I think an entrance fee is useful, for it can be used to protect a park. Do we share the same opinion, dear editor?

Yours truly,

Li Hua

第3篇：英語作文例文范文

national day is commemorated every year by special flag-raising ceremonies. crowds gathere at tian'anmen sqaure in beijing early morning for this event. it was part of the national day celebrations for the birthday of the people's republic of china.

the national flag was first raised over tian'anmen square in 1949, marking the birth of new china. and it has been repeated every day since then. the ceremony still attracts the interest of millions of people each y恩平婚介網(wǎng)[*]ear. although the flag has meant different things to different people, it now rises over a more confident and prosperous country.

the chinese capital of beijing will become a multi-colored beacon of light with spectacular outdoor illuminations to mark the week-long national day holidays from oct. 1 to 7.

along the chang'an avenue, the major street in downtown beijing,lamps and color

第4篇：英語作文例文范文

My happy Spring Festival After the New Year’s Eve dinner with my family, we began to sit down in front of the TV, and enjoyed 2013 CCTV Spring Festival gala. At about ten o’clock, the black sky was lightened by lots of fireworks with colorful light and happy sound. We stop watching the CCTV 2013 CCTV Spring Festival gala, and began to climb up the balcony to see the beautiful fireworks view, and my father took some fireworks up, and we also began to play fireworks. What a beautiful night. Later, my cell phone was ringing all the time. I received lots of short messages from my friends and classmates.

They all blessed me happy New Year. I gave same bless to them by sending back the happy words. At almost 12 pm, I made a wish in New Year, and began to sleep. When I woke up in the first day of New Year, my father and mother gave two red packets to me, and blessed me that everything will go well on me.

I thanked them, and accepted the red packets happily. I have been waiting for the day that I can get lots of red packets. This is my happiest time of the year. After lunch, both my family went to the park, the streets, and the shops or supermarkets. We took many photos in the park, and bought many things in the shops or supermarket. I met my uncles and aunts, they all blessed us happy New Year and gave me red packets. I was too happy to count how many red packets I got. The following days, we visited my grandparents and some of relatives. We happily talk with them, and brought some presents to them, and also received some New Year presents. This was how did I spend my Spring Festival; I really enjoyed myself in Spring Festival.

[春節(jié)禮物的英語作文]：

第5篇：英語作文例文范文

英文：You have to believe in yourself . That's the secret of success.

譯文：人必須相信自己，這是成功的秘訣。

英文：You can’t have a better tomorrow if you don’t stop thinking about yesterday.

譯文：如果你無法忘掉昨天，就不會(huì)有一個(gè)更好的明天。

英文：While there is life there is hope.

譯文：一息若存，希望不滅。

英文：When there’s no expectation, losing won’t bring hurt, gaining makes you surprised.

譯文：不去期望。失去了不會(huì)傷心，得到了便是驚喜。

英文：What today will be like is up to me , I get to choose what kind of day I will have.

譯文：今天什么樣，完全由我決定，今天怎樣度過，由我選擇。

英文：The man who has made up his mind to win will never say "impossible ".

譯文：凡是決心取得勝利的人是從來不說“不可能的”。

英文：The road of life is like a large river,because of the power of the currents,river courses appear unexpectedly where there is no flowing water.

譯文：人生的道路就像一條大河，由于急流本身的沖擊力，在從前沒有水流的地方，沖刷出嶄新的意料不到的河道。

英文：There will be no regret and sorrow if you fight with all your strength.

譯文：只要全力地拼搏，就不會(huì)有遺憾，沒有后悔。

英文：Time is a bird for ever on the wing.

譯文：時(shí)間是一只永遠(yuǎn)在飛翔的鳥。

英文：Time will never change and stop for any person.

譯文：時(shí)間不給任何人情面，也不會(huì)為誰而停留。

英文：Today, give a stranger one of your smiles. It might be the only sunshine he sees all day.

譯文：今天，給一個(gè)陌生人送上你的微笑吧。很可能，這是他一天中見到的唯一的陽光。

英文：Victory won't come to me unless I go to it.

譯文：勝利是不會(huì)向我們走來的，我必須自己走向勝利。

英文：Walk the road you want to walk and do what you want to do , keep moving ahead and that’s not the silence of failure.

譯文：走自己想走的路，干自己想干的事，勇敢向前，這就是你不敗的沉默。

英文：We all have moments of desperation. But if we can face them head on, that’s when we find out just how strong we really are.

譯文：我們都有絕望的時(shí)候，只有在勇敢面對(duì)時(shí)，我們才知道我們有多堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。

英文：We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.

譯文：我們必須接受失望，因?yàn)樗怯邢薜?，但千萬不可失去希望，因?yàn)樗菬o窮的。

英文：The future is scary but you can’t just run to the past cause it’s familiar.

譯文：未來會(huì)讓人心生畏懼，但是我們卻不能因?yàn)榱?xí)慣了過去，就逃回過去。

英文：The first step is as good as half over.

譯文：第一步是最關(guān)鍵的一步。

英文：The failures and reverses which await men - and one after another sadden the brow of youth - add a dignity to the prospect of human life, which no Arcadian success would do.

譯文：盡管失敗和挫折等待著人們，一次次地奪走青春的容顏，但卻給人生的前景增添了一份尊嚴(yán)，這是任何順利的成功都不能做到的。

英文：Success is the continuous journey towards the achievement of predetermined worth while goals .To live your life in your own way .To reach the goals , you’ve set for yourself . To be the person, you want to be ——that is success .

譯文：成功是不斷向領(lǐng)先確定的有價(jià)值的目標(biāo)前進(jìn)的過程，用自己的方式生活，達(dá)到自己定下的目標(biāo)，做出自己想做的人——這就是成功。

英文：Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.

譯文：成功是，你即使跨過一個(gè)又一個(gè)失敗，但也沒有失去熱情。

英文：Never, never, never, never give up.

譯文：永遠(yuǎn)不要、不要、不要、不要放棄。

英文：Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.

譯文：并不是你面對(duì)了，任何事情都能改變。但是，如果你不肯面對(duì)，那什么也變不了。

英文：Nothing for nothing.

譯文：不費(fèi)力氣，一無所得。

英文：Nothing in the world will stop me from loving you.

譯文：在世界上，沒有任何事物能阻擋我對(duì)你的愛。

英文：Nothing is impossible!

譯文：沒有什么不可能!

英文：One has no reason to end his life .Living is itself happiness.

譯文：一個(gè)人沒有理由的結(jié)束自己的生命，或者本身就是一種幸福。

英文：One thing I know,that is I know nothing.

譯文：我所知道的一件事就是我一無所知。

英文：One's real value first lies in to what degree and what sense he set himself.

譯文：一個(gè)人的真正價(jià)值首先決定于他在什么程度上和在什么意義上從自我解放出來。

英文：People neeed some courage in life, just like climbing a cliff .Although there are stemp ahead, you still fell some timorous and dare not go ahead. But when you conquer the timidity and reach the peak, you will feel the importance of courage as you enjoy the beautiful scenes. It is the same with life.

譯文：人生需要一點(diǎn)勇氣和膽量，就如登一座懸崖峭壁的山峰，雖然上面都有云梯、搭好的臺(tái)階，可你就是有點(diǎn)膽怯，不敢向前，但你戰(zhàn)勝了自我，到達(dá)了頂峰，看到了山頂?shù)木吧?，你就?huì)感到勇氣和膽量是成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)人生何嘗不是如此呢?

英文：Real dream is the other shore of reality.

譯文：真正的夢(mèng)就是現(xiàn)實(shí)的彼岸。

英文：Sharp tools make good work.

譯文：工欲善其事，必先利其器。

英文：Sometimes your plans don’t work out because God has better ones.

譯文：有時(shí)候，你的計(jì)劃不奏效，是因?yàn)樯咸煊懈玫陌才拧?/p>

英文：Standing firm is to challenge difficult courageously and to leave the smile after sccess to oneself.

譯文：堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，就是勇敢的向困難挑戰(zhàn)，把成功的微笑留給自己。

英文：Never underestimate your power to change yourself!

譯文：永遠(yuǎn)不要低估你改變自我的能力!

英文：Never give up, Never lose the opportunity to succeed

譯文：不放棄就有成功的機(jī)會(huì)。

英文：Never allow yourself to get discouraged and think that your life is insignificant and can’t make a change.

譯文：永遠(yuǎn)別讓自己氣餒，不要認(rèn)為自己的生命微不足道且無法改變

英文：May I be strenuous, energetic and persevering !May I be patient! May I be able to bear and forbear the wrongs of others! May I ever keep a promise given!

譯文：愿我努力精進(jìn)，勤奮不懈;愿我有耐心能容忍并寬恕別人的過錯(cuò)，愿我能信守自己立下的諾言。

英文：Make yourself a better person and know who you are before you try and know someone else and expect them to know you.

譯文：在你想了解別人也想讓別人了解你之前，先完善并了解自己。

英文：I don’t long for luxurious life and gorgeous appearance , but I need a complete in habitation for sentiment.

譯文：我不渴望奢侈的生活，不追求華麗的外表，但我需要一個(gè)完整的情感棲息地。

英文：I love it when I catch you looking at me then you smile and look away.

譯文：我喜歡這樣的時(shí)刻：我抓到你正在看我，你笑了，然后害羞地別過臉去。

英文：I will greet this day with love in my heart.

譯文：我要用全身心的愛來迎接今天

英文：If they throw stones at you, don’t throw back, use them to build your own foundation instead.

譯文：如果別人朝你扔石頭，就不要扔回去了，留著作你建高樓的基石。

英文：If you find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesn’t lead anywhere.

譯文：太容易的路，可能根本就不能帶你去任何地方。

英文：It's great to be great , but it's greater to be human.

譯文：成為偉人固然偉大，但成為真正的人更加偉大.

英文：It's never too late to mend.

譯文：過而能改，善莫大焉(亡羊補(bǔ)牢，猶未晚也)

英文：Life is a candle . If burned out , there will not chance for you to start again . Let’s value life.

譯文：生命像一根蠟燭，燒完了就沒有機(jī)會(huì)了，從頭開始。所以讓我們珍惜生命吧!

英文：Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take breath away.

譯文：生命的尺度不是壽命的長短，而是一生中有多少激動(dòng)人心的時(shí)刻

英文：Life without sinuations and frustrations is life the flower in greenhouse, which can not stand the challenge from wind and rain , frost and snow ,and will srely die away in the end .

譯文：不經(jīng)歷挫折和坎坷的生命，猶如溫室里嬌艷的花，經(jīng)不起風(fēng)霜傲雪的洗禮就會(huì)逐步走向自己的墳?zāi)埂?/p>

英文：Make a note to yourself to start thinking more about what you have than what you want . If you do , your life will start appearing much better than before . For perhaps the first time in your life , you’ll know what it means to feel satisfied.

譯文：記住從現(xiàn)在開始，多想想你擁有的，而不是你想要的。如果你這樣做，你的生活就會(huì)比以前更美好，或許你生平第一次懂得了心滿意足的含義。

英文：I can make it through the rain. I can stand up once again on my own.

譯文：我可以穿越云雨，也可以東山再起

英文：I am a slow walker,but I never walk backwards.

譯文：我走得很慢，但是我從來不會(huì)后退。

英文：Having a calm smile to face with being disdained indicates kind of confidence.

譯文：被輕蔑的時(shí)候能平靜的一笑，這是一種自信。

英文：A thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step.

譯文：千里之行，始于足下。

英文：Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.

譯文：有所成就是人生唯一的真正樂趣。

英文：All things come to those who wait.

譯文：蒼天不負(fù)有心人

英文：An idle youth，a needy age.

譯文：少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。

英文：Cease to struggle and you cease to live.

譯文：生命不止，奮斗不息。

英文：Challenge is needed for success.

譯文：成功需要挑戰(zhàn)。

英文：Dare and the world always yields. If it beats you sometimes, dare it again and again and it will succumb.

譯文：你勇敢，世界就會(huì)讓步。如果有時(shí)它戰(zhàn)勝你，你要不斷地勇敢再勇敢，它就會(huì)屈服。

英文：Diligence is the mother of good plough deep while shuggards sleep,you will have corn to sell and to keep.

譯文：勤奮是幸運(yùn)之母;如果懶漢睡覺的時(shí)候你深耕土地，你就會(huì)有谷物出售和儲(chǔ)存。

英文：Do not, for one repulse, forgo the purpose that you resolved to effort.

譯文：不要只因一次挫敗，就放棄你原來決心想達(dá)到的目的。

英文：Do what you say,say what you do.

譯文：做你說過的，說你能做的

英文：Don't try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to.

譯文：不要著急，最好的總會(huì)在最不經(jīng)意的時(shí)候出現(xiàn)。

英文：Dream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be what you want to be, because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.

譯文：做你想做的夢(mèng)吧，去你想去的地方吧，成為你想成為的人吧，因?yàn)槟阒挥幸淮紊?，一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)去做所有那些你想做的事。

英文：Every body is a star in the sky.

譯文：每個(gè)人都是天空中的一顆星。

英文：Getting out of bed in winter is one of life’s hardest mission.

譯文：冬天，將自己從被窩里掏出來，是人生最難的任務(wù)之一了。

英文：Great minds have purpose, others have wishes.

譯文：杰出的人有著目標(biāo)，其他人只有愿望。

英文：A person in the world must have his own business , no matter big or small . Only with recognition from the society can your life is meaningful.

譯文：人生在世總要做出一番事業(yè)，不管事業(yè)是大是小，總要讓社會(huì)承認(rèn)你的價(jià)值才不算枉活一世。

第6篇：英語作文例文范文

Primary Students Should Keep Far from the Internet

The Internet becomes very popular in our life. It brings many advantages, but I think we primary students should keep far from the Internet.

Firstly, we should focus on our study, so we can’t spend too much time on the Internet. We can be easily addicted to it. Secondly, there is much harmful information on the Internet. They would do harm to us. Finally, surfing the Internet for too long is harmful to our eyesight.

Therefore, primary students should stay far from the Internet.

【參考譯文】

遠(yuǎn)離網(wǎng)絡(luò)的英語作文

網(wǎng)絡(luò)在我們的生活中很受歡迎，它帶來了許多好處，但是我認(rèn)為學(xué)生應(yīng)該遠(yuǎn)離網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

第7篇：英語作文例文范文

盈與麗（一）

她叫盈，生在一個(gè)貧窮的家庭里，學(xué)習(xí)很好，有一頭烏黑而有光澤的長發(fā)。有一天，她遇上了她，當(dāng)時(shí)盈在超市里買最便宜的洗發(fā)水，盈遇見了麗，盈是很愛交朋友的女孩，對(duì)著麗問好：“你好，我們可以交朋友嗎？”麗很驚訝，因?yàn)閺膩頉]有人愿意跟她做朋友，便高興的說道：“好哇，認(rèn)識(shí)你這么個(gè)朋友我很高興！走，我要去買些首飾，你愿意陪我嗎？”盈拿上洗發(fā)水，跟著麗走了。她們?cè)谝黄鸷懿粎f(xié)調(diào)，盈鄉(xiāng)下妞的打扮，但有一頭烏黑的長發(fā)。麗衣著華麗，一頭黃黃的短發(fā)，一看就是有錢人家大小姐的打扮。

她們來到首飾店，營業(yè)員根本不理盈，直奔麗來：“漂亮的小姐，您要什么首飾？”“恩，我要這個(gè)，還有那個(gè)?！丙愐贿呏钢钇恋捻?xiàng)鏈和手鏈一邊把大把大把的鈔票往營業(yè)員手里塞。麗挑中的首飾也是盈最想要的，可盈沒有那么多錢來買這些首飾，她知道這些首飾很昂貴，便一直瞧著她的首飾，幻想自己也有這么漂亮的東西。麗回家，把首飾戴在了自己身上，問盈好看嗎，盈說好看。其實(shí)盈比麗漂亮的多，麗的首飾戴在盈身上盈會(huì)比現(xiàn)在的麗漂亮的多。

第8篇：英語作文例文范文

I Love AutumnI like autumn. I love the falling leaves in autumn. They cover the ground with golden yellow. When you walk on them, they rustle beneath your feet, just as if they are singing to you.

I know trees get ready for their next year's rebirth by doing this, so I enjoy them without any sad feelings. The fields in autumn are fruity. People are easy to have good mood in a harvest season. So can't autumn sights bring happiness to us as well?

作文 zuowenku.net

第9篇：英語作文例文范文

關(guān)鍵詞：概念隱喻隱喻理論英語寫作

Abstract:Metaphorisnotonlyarhetoricdevice,butamatterofthoughtandaction.ThepaperattemptstoapplytheconceptualmetaphortheorytotheteachingofEnglishwritingandfurtherproposesthatimportancebeattachedtodevelopingstudents’metaphoricalthinkinginEnglishwriting.

Keywords:conceptualmetaphor;metaphoricalthinking;Englishwriting

一、概念隱喻理論

概念隱喻理論起始于Lakoff&Johnson的《MetaphorsWeLiveBy》一書。他們?cè)跁斜砻鳎弘[喻普遍存在于我們的日常生活，不但存在于語言里，也存在于我們的思想和行為中。我們賴以思維和行動(dòng)的一般概念系統(tǒng)，從根本上講是隱喻的。［1］在概念隱喻的理論框架下，隱喻的理解涉及兩個(gè)認(rèn)知域：源域（sourcedomain）和靶域（targetdomain）。概念隱喻就是以一個(gè)認(rèn)知域的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來理解另一個(gè)認(rèn)知域的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，源域的部分特點(diǎn)被映射（mapping）到靶域上，后者因前者而得到部分理解。所以，“隱喻的實(shí)質(zhì)就是用一類事物來理解和經(jīng)驗(yàn)另一類事物”。［2］概念隱喻理論還提出了概念隱喻(conceptualmetaphor)和隱喻語言(metaphoricalexpression)的區(qū)別。前者是兩個(gè)認(rèn)知域之間的映射，在英語中通常用大寫字母表示，后者是概念隱喻的具體隱喻表達(dá)式，例如：

例1.Weareatacrossroad.

例2.Therelationshipisn’tgoinganywhere.

例3.Ourrelationshipisoffthetrack.

例4.Theirmarriageisontherocks.

概念隱喻理論認(rèn)為這里只有一個(gè)隱喻：LOVEISAJOURNEY，上述這些例子都是該隱喻在語言上的具體表達(dá)式。

概念隱喻理論使我們重新認(rèn)識(shí)了隱喻的本質(zhì)，也給語言教學(xué)帶來了新的啟示。本文擬運(yùn)用概念隱喻理論，探討隱喻在英語寫作中遣詞、造句、謀篇的功能，并指出隱喻思維對(duì)英語寫作的重要性，為寫作教學(xué)提供新的視角。

二、概念隱喻理論在英語寫作教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用

(一)概念隱喻與詞匯學(xué)習(xí)

在寫作中，詞匯居于核心地位。不管是句子層次的語言現(xiàn)象還是語篇層次的語言現(xiàn)象，都離不開詞的理解和運(yùn)用。傳統(tǒng)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)由于受到結(jié)構(gòu)主義思想的影響，認(rèn)為詞語與意義之間的關(guān)系完全是任意的，忽視了對(duì)詞語的認(rèn)知和理解。詞匯不僅有其所指意義，也有其轉(zhuǎn)指意義，而且，詞匯表層意義與其深層內(nèi)涵都是語言認(rèn)知的產(chǎn)物。由于大多數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)者不是從認(rèn)知的角度來學(xué)習(xí)詞匯，而是采用死記硬背方法，不能真正理解詞匯的內(nèi)涵。通過概念隱喻模式來認(rèn)識(shí)和解釋詞匯，不僅有利于詞語的理解，還可以促進(jìn)學(xué)生在口頭和書面表達(dá)中有效地利用該詞語的隱喻意義，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言運(yùn)用能力和創(chuàng)新能力。

例如，我們借助方位隱喻來理解介詞的學(xué)習(xí)。人們可以將通過身體體驗(yàn)獲得的“上——下，前——后，高——低，深——淺，中心——邊緣”等具體空間概念投射于時(shí)間、情緒、身體狀況、數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、社會(huì)地位等抽象概念。在方位隱喻中，“up－down”概念的隱喻運(yùn)用最為廣泛。最初，“上”概念(up)和“下”概念(down)都是純空間概念。Up的基本意義最“向上，由低往高”；down的基本意義為“向下，由高往低”。英漢語言經(jīng)過反復(fù)的運(yùn)用與發(fā)展，“up－down”都以原來的空間意義為核心，產(chǎn)生了“

HAPPINESSISUP,SADNESSISDOWN；MOREISUP,LESSISDOWN;HIGHSTATUSISUP,LOWSTATUSISDOWN”等方位隱喻來表達(dá)對(duì)社會(huì)地位和人的情緒的認(rèn)識(shí)。在這些概念隱喻的基礎(chǔ)上可以拓展豐富的隱喻表達(dá)式，進(jìn)一步深化對(duì)“up”概念和“down”概念的隱喻理解，如：“Iamfeelingup.”，“Pricesaregoingup”，“Thetemperaturehasgonedown.”，“Benicetopeopleonyourwayup,becauseyouwillmeetthemonyourwaydown.”等。由此可見，通過概念隱喻理論來理解介詞，能掌握更豐富的詞匯意義，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生隱喻能力，提高寫作的多樣性。

其次，由于隱喻是一種映射，其實(shí)質(zhì)是借助一類事物理解和體驗(yàn)另一類事物，［3］因此人們總是會(huì)參照他們所熟知的、具體的概念來認(rèn)識(shí)和理解不熟悉的、抽象的概念。體現(xiàn)在詞匯表達(dá)上，人們往往運(yùn)用談?wù)撘粋€(gè)概念的各個(gè)方面的詞語來談?wù)摿硪粋€(gè)概念。例如：提到概念“argument”，我們有概念隱喻“

ARGUMENTISABUILDING;ARGUMENTISWAR”,“argument”為較抽象的概念，而“building”，“war”是人們較熟悉的概念。在講“building”這個(gè)概念時(shí)，可以幫助學(xué)生聯(lián)想和“建筑物”有關(guān)的詞匯“solidbuilding,frameworkofabuilding,constructabuilding,collapse,thegroundwork”;而在談到“war”這個(gè)概念時(shí)，又可以聯(lián)想到跟“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”有關(guān)的詞匯“thefiercewar,attacktheenemy,winthewar,bedefeatedinthewar”。在這兩個(gè)概念隱喻中，人們可以通過熟悉的概念來理解“argument”這個(gè)概念的內(nèi)涵。用于談?wù)摗癰uilding”，“war”的詞匯大部分都可以用來談?wù)摗癮rgument”，因而可以創(chuàng)造出如下句子：

例5.We’vegottheframeworkforasolidargument.

例6.Ifyoudon’tsupportyourargumentwithsolidfacts,thewholethingwillcollapse.

例7.Withinthegroundworkyou’vegot,youcanconstructaprettystrongargument.

例8.Heattackedmyargumentfiercely.

例9.Joesparednopainstodefendhisargument.

例10.Joewontheargumentwithher.

例11.Joewasdefeatedintheargument.

又如：“IDEASAREFOOD”這一概念隱喻通過“food”來理解“ideas”，其作者向我們展示了“ideas”的豐富內(nèi)涵。如果想知道“food”和“ideas”之間有哪些相似之處，恐怕誰也拿不出一套完整的答案，但是關(guān)于“food”我們可以表達(dá)如下：

例12.Foodcanbedigested.

例13.Foodcanbeswallowedordevoured

例14.Foodcanbenourishing.

例15.Foodcanbespoon-fed.

然后，利用“food”這一概念所派生的詞匯，我們可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生寫出下列的句子：

例16.Davidhasahardtimeswallowingnewideas.Hehastostewthemoverfordays.

例17.Wedon’tneedtospoon-feedourstudents.

例18.Hedevoursthebook.

從上述例子，可以看出通過概念映射原理，可以使學(xué)生更為輕松地掌握較為抽象概念方面的一系列詞匯，從而在他們的頭腦中形成一個(gè)全面、系統(tǒng)的詞匯框架，幫助學(xué)生在寫作時(shí)更為準(zhǔn)確自如地選詞表意。

(二)概念隱喻與句式表達(dá)多樣性

“僅僅追求語言的準(zhǔn)確性和流利性而不顧多樣性，學(xué)生的二語能力長期在低水平徘徊，沒有明顯的進(jìn)步”，［4］這句話說明了語言表達(dá)多樣性的重要性。在寫作過程中，學(xué)生對(duì)句法運(yùn)用多樣性程度是需要訓(xùn)練的，尤為重要的是培養(yǎng)他們多維分析問題的思維能力。寫作是和思維同步進(jìn)行的，學(xué)習(xí)寫作就是學(xué)習(xí)思考。Lakoff的概念隱喻理論恰恰是從思維的角度認(rèn)知世界，以人的已知的具體經(jīng)驗(yàn)去映射未知的抽象的領(lǐng)域，從而形成了豐富多彩的世界。如“視野是容器”（VISUALFIELDSARECONTAINERS）這一基本概念隱喻衍生出的隱喻式語言表達(dá)是多種多樣的：Theshipiscomingintoview，Ihavehiminsight,he’soutofsightnow,that’sinthecenterofmyfieldofvision等。而在表達(dá)同一概念時(shí)的概念隱喻也是多樣的，“idea”這一概念，就有如下概念隱喻：IDEASAREFOOD,IDEASAREPEOPLE,IDEASAREPLANTS,IDEASAREPRODUCTS,IDEASARECOMMODITIES,IDEASARERESOURCE,IDEASAREMONEY,IDEASAREFASHION，每一個(gè)概念隱喻都可以衍生出各種各樣的隱喻表達(dá)式，這也為寫作中語言的多樣性提供了可能，從而使語言更生動(dòng)、自然。

此外，概念隱喻為學(xué)生在寫作時(shí)創(chuàng)新思維、拓寬思路有著重要的認(rèn)知作用，它為我們?cè)诓煌懂牭氖挛镏g架起聯(lián)想的橋梁，賦予我們一種靈敏的觸覺，使我們感知不同事物之間的某種特征的聯(lián)系。因而，根據(jù)創(chuàng)新度，在寫作中可以采用不同的隱喻式表達(dá)，例如:

例19.Joanknewthatsurgerywasaverydangerousoption.Thestakeswerehigh.Nevertheless,Joandecidedtotakeherchancesandhavetheoperation.

例20.Joanknewthatsurgerywasaverydangerousoption.Shecouldloseitall.Nevertheless,Joandecidedtoanteupandhavetheoperation.

例句19和20是基于“LIFEISAGAMBLINGGAME”所構(gòu)建的隱喻表達(dá)。第一句是常規(guī)隱喻表達(dá)，常規(guī)隱喻是那些建構(gòu)我們文化的普遍概念系統(tǒng)并反映在日常語言中的隱喻；第二句是新隱喻表達(dá)，新隱喻是對(duì)常規(guī)隱喻的擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用，很多新隱喻是人們創(chuàng)新思維的結(jié)果。因此，在概念隱喻的基礎(chǔ)上，我們既可采用常規(guī)隱喻表達(dá)，也可創(chuàng)新思維，采用新隱喻。

(三)概念隱喻與語篇連貫

語篇連貫有兩層含義：一是指文章在內(nèi)容上的連貫（coherence），二是指表達(dá)上的連貫。一個(gè)連貫的語篇應(yīng)該是讓聽話人或讀者在理解時(shí)能夠推導(dǎo)出語句的各種關(guān)系，重新構(gòu)建說話人或作者的目的或意圖。篇章連貫是在概念的層次上實(shí)現(xiàn)的，而概念隱喻本身也是一種概念，因此它可以幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)連貫。

概念隱喻在內(nèi)容上的連貫既可以通過一個(gè)隱喻，也可以同時(shí)通過多個(gè)隱喻來實(shí)現(xiàn)。［5］在語言實(shí)踐中，由一個(gè)概念隱喻幫助構(gòu)建語篇連貫的情況經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。以一個(gè)隱喻貫穿語篇始終形成一個(gè)核心隱喻，支配若干由隱喻或由一個(gè)中心意象引申出若干相關(guān)的次要意象。從這個(gè)概念隱喻的角度看，整個(gè)語篇應(yīng)該是連貫的。在寫作中，如果能夠把握語篇連貫的這個(gè)特點(diǎn)，對(duì)某些語段結(jié)構(gòu)或語篇意義的構(gòu)建就能事半功倍。如：

Tedgotontheridewhenhedecidedtocampaignformayorofhissmalltown.Afterflipping,rolling,andshakingforthepublicforeightweeks,hefinallyfeltlikehewasincontrol.ButashewatchedtheexitpollsreportedonTV,heplummeted.Hehadlostinalandslide.［6］

在以上的例子中，中心隱喻是“POLITICSISAFOLLER-COASTER”，其余的隱喻“ride,flipping,rolling,shaking,plummeted,landslide”等都是圍繞其中心隱喻的，并且是互相關(guān)聯(lián)的。

又如：Theprofessortoldmemyargumentwasshaky:asastudentofphysics,youhavetoconstructstrongerfoundationsforyourtheoreticalmodels.Usefactstosupportyourtheory.

上述例子的中心隱喻是“THEORIESAREBUIDINGS”，整個(gè)語段都共享了這個(gè)概念隱喻的隱喻內(nèi)涵，使得這個(gè)語段具有連貫性。

語篇在表達(dá)上的連貫很大程度取決于文章銜接（cohesion）的處理，銜接是一種語篇現(xiàn)象，語篇的銜接主要是依靠照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接和詞匯搭配等來實(shí)現(xiàn)。隱喻可以使得詞匯的銜接在不同領(lǐng)域內(nèi)得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，再加上語言上的手段如對(duì)照、省略等，說話人可以表達(dá)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和人際方面的語義連貫。

三、結(jié)語

隱喻是語言習(xí)得不可缺少的組成部分，在日常生活中，人們總是不知不覺地運(yùn)用隱喻模式來認(rèn)識(shí)和解釋世界。在寫作教學(xué)中，隱喻教學(xué)有利于提高學(xué)生的遣詞、造句、謀篇能力，也有利于提高學(xué)生的認(rèn)知能力、思考能力和文字運(yùn)用能力，因而，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生寫作中的隱喻思維必不可少。為了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的隱喻思維，我們可以從以下幾點(diǎn)出發(fā)：第一，要求學(xué)生收集概念隱喻及隱喻表達(dá)式，并對(duì)它們進(jìn)行歸納、整理、分析，逐步形成學(xué)生自己的隱喻認(rèn)知理論，并鼓勵(lì)其大膽使用；第二，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的跨文化隱喻意識(shí)，使學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到隱喻性表達(dá)的跨文化多樣性，減少在寫作中出現(xiàn)漢式表達(dá)方式，從而改善他們的寫作思維；第三，利用隱喻認(rèn)知規(guī)律，不斷開拓創(chuàng)新思維，在教學(xué)中鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生發(fā)揮自己的想象力，運(yùn)用隱喻來表達(dá)自己的思想。

參考文獻(xiàn)

［1］［2］［3］Lakoff,G.&M.Johnson.MetaphorsWeLiveBy［M］.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress,1980.3,26,26

［4］文秋芳.從全國英語專業(yè)四級(jí)口試看口語教學(xué)［J］.外語界,2001(4):28